Characteristics

of

Water

1. high specific heat
2. high heat of evaporation
3. universal solvent
4. cohesion tension
   - transpirational pull
   - capillary action
   - surface tension
5. liquid less dense than ice (insulates water beneath)

pH

• the negative log of H+ in moles/liter
  
• 0-7 = acidic
  more H+ (ETC)
  
• 7-14 = basic
  less H+

Carbohydrates

(mono/disaccharides)

• monosaccharides: C6H12O6
  - glucose, galactose, fructose
  
• disaccharides: dehydration synthasis
  - glucose + glucose --> maltose + H2O
  - glucose + galactose --> lactose + H2O
  - glucose + fructose --> sucrose + H2O

 Carbohydrates

(polysaccharides)

• STRUCTURAL:
  - cellulose (plant walls)
  - chitin (exoskeleton)
  
• STORAGE:
  - starch (plant roots, etc)
  - glycogen (stored in livers)

Lipids

• fats, oils, waxes
• *steroids: cholesterol*
• 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
  structure = phospholipids
  
• saturated: all single bonds (-)
  - bad fat; solid at room temp
• unsaturated: some doubles (=)
  - good fat; liquid at room temp

Proteins

• amino acids (peptide bonds) --> polymers
• carboxyl group + amine group + R group
  
• growth and repair
• signaling
• defense
• catalyzing chemical reactions
• meat and nuts

Lipids
(structure)

1. peptide bonds: linear sequence of amino acids
2. hydrogen bonds: alpha helix or beta sheets
3. hydrogen bonds: R groups of amino acids
   ionic bonds: R groups
   disulfide bonds: cysteine (s)
   hydrophobic interaction
   van der waals interaction
4. one+ polypeptide chain (same as 3)

Nucleic Acids

• nucleotides 
• phosphate + 5-C sugar + nitrogenous base
   
• DNA and RNA
• A-T, C-G, (A-U)

Functional Groups

• Amino
• Carboxyl
• Hydroxyl: alcohol
• Carbonyl: aldehyde and ketone
• Sulfhydryl: thiol
• Phosphate

Enzymes

• laws of thermodynamics
  
• exothermic = -G
  

  [image]

• endothermic = +G
  [image]

Enzymes

• proteins at tertiary structure
• induced-fit model, NOT lock-and-key
  
• competitive inhibition: replaces substrate at active site
• non-competitive: allosteric, feedback, operons