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Biochemistry
Test #2
133
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 3
10/21/2012

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Term
Biochemistry
Definition
chemical basis of life
Term
The principle classes of biomolecules
Definition
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
Term
Enzyme
Definition
catalyst
Term
Proteins
Definition
polymers of amino acids
Term
Amide bond
Definition
two or more amino acids joined together
Term
peptide bonds
Definition
two or more proteins joined together
Term
Dipeptide bond
Definition
two amino acids combine together by forming a peptide bond using amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another amino acid
Term
Tripeptide
Definition
Three amino acids combine together by forming two peptide bonds
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
Any number of amino acids link together and form a polymer
Term
Central carbon
Definition
-NH2, a carboxyl group, COOH, and a R group all bonded
Term
Disulfide bonds
Definition
covalent interactions between side chains
Term
chiral
Definition
mirror images
Term
achiral
Definition
superimposes each other
Term
chiral molecule
Definition
if four different atoms or groups are attached to a carbon
Term
Enantiomers
Definition
Two mirror image forms of a chiral molecule
D- right handed
L- left handed
Term
Racemic Mixtures
Definition
half of each enantiomer
Term
L-amino acids
Definition
naturally occurring amino acids
Term
D-amino acids
Definition
naturally occurring carbohydrates
Term
Primary structure
Definition
sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Term
Sickle cell anemia
Definition
one acidic acid is replaced by a non polar amino acid in hemoglobin
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
three dimensional shape that results in the folding of a protein chain
Term
Simple protein
Definition
a protein composed only by amino acids
Term
Conjugated protein
Definition
a protein that incorporates one or more non amino acid units in its structure
-something else on it
Term
glycoprotein
Definition
carbohydrates + protein
Term
lipoprotein
Definition
lipids + protein
Term
Fibrous protein
Definition
tough and insoluble protein in which the chain form long fibers or sheet
Term
Keratin
Definition
Wool, hair, and finger nails
Term
collagen
Definition
bones, tendon, ligaments, skin, and intervertebral discs
Term
Globular protein
Definition
water soluble proteins whose chains are folded into compact shape with hydrophilic groups on the outside
-Enzymes, hemoglobin
Term
protein denaturation
Definition
changing the shape of a protein
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
simple sugars containing 3-7 carbon atoms
-chiral
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
complex carbohydrates are longs strings of monosaccharides
Term
-ose
Definition
indicating its a carbohydrate
Term
hexoses
Definition
glucose and fructose and galactose
Term
pentose
Definition
ribose and deoxyribose
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
makes disaccharides
Term
dextrose (d-glucose)
Definition
is the most widely occurring of all monosaccharides
-source of energy
-starch or amylose and glycogen
Term
Amylose (starch)
Definition
plants
Term
glycogen
Definition
animals and humans
Term
sugar alcohols
Definition
need to be converted to glucose before the body can use them, used in lower calorie sweeteners
Term
amino derivatives
Definition
the replacement of a hydroxyl group on a carbohydrate results in an amino sugar
Term
maltose
Definition
two glucoses are joined by a alpha bond. made from plants starches (amylose) which are polymers of glucose
Term
Lactose
Definition
milk sugar is made of galactose and glucose
Term
sucrose
Definition
table sugar or sugar cane made from fructose and glucose
Term
Galactosemia
Definition
inborn error of metabolism
Term
oligosaccharides
Definition
short chain of monosaccharides and covalently bonded to many proteins and lipids when in their final functional form
-glycoprotein and glycolipids
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
abundant on the surfaces of cells "velcro"
Term
Type O
Definition
Universal donor
Term
Type AB
Definition
Universal receiver
Term
Gives: O, A, B, AB
Receives: O
Definition
Type O gives and receives from:
Term
Gives: A, AB
Receives: A, O
Definition
Type A gives and receives from:
Term
Gives: B, AB
Receives: B, O
Definition
Type B gives and receives from:
Term
Gives: AB
Receives: A, B, AB, O
Definition
Type AB gives and receives from:
Term
polyglucose
Definition
cellulose, starch or amylose, and glycogen
Term
Amylose
Definition
how plants store glucose
-1000 of glucose monomers
-soluble in water
Term
cellulose
Definition
plant structure
-hydrophobic
-fibrous chains (celery-cant digest)
Term
glycogen
Definition
how mammals store glucose
-1 million glucose monomers per molecule
-store in liver
Term
Lipids
Definition
naturally occurring molecules from plants or animals that are insoluble in water
Term
Fatty acids
Definition
long chain (~20) carboxylic acids
-always cis
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
are composed of 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol. Major source of biochemical energy.
-long term storage of energy
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
glycerol plus 2 fatty acids and a charged phosphate groups. Abundant in cell membranes.
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
glycerol plus 2 fatty acids and a polar carbohydrate groups. Found in the cell membranes with carbohydrates facing out.
Term
Steroids
Definition
4 ring structure and can be made into hormones or biles salts and as cholesterol contribute to the structure of cell membranes
Term
Eicosanoids
Definition
carboxylic acids that are a special type of cellular chemical messengers including prostaglandins
Term
1,2,3-propanetriol
Definition
IUPAC name for glycerol
Term
Ester
Definition
combining carboxylic acid and an alcohol
Term
Oils
Definition
mixture of triglycerides that is liquid because it contains unsaturated fatty acids
Term
Fats
Definition
A mixture of triglycerides that is solid because it contains high proportions of saturated fatty acids
Term
Hydrogenation
Definition
The carbon carbon double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids can be reduced by reacting with hydrogen to produce saturated fatty acids
Term
Trans fatty acids
Definition
When unsaturated FAs are heated to high temperatures, some of the cis bonds change to trans
-cannot break down
Term
1. Plant oils
2. Butter
3. Soft Margarine
4. Hard Margarine
Definition
Healthiest to least healthy
Term
Lipase
Definition
made in the pancreas
-hydrolysis is catalyzed by hydrolase class enzymes
Term
emulsifying agent
Definition
the michelle arrangement allows oily dirts to be surrounded by a hydrophobic environment, yet float away in water
Term
cell membrane lipids
Definition
phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
used in cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile salts
Term
lipid bilayer
Definition
basic structural unit of cell membrane
-composed of two parallel sheets of membrane lipid molecules arranged tail to tail
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
substances moves across the cell membrane freely by diffusion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
-O2, CO2, H2O, steroid hormones
Term
Channel mediated facilitated diffusion
Definition
ions
-channels open their gates and allow the ions through only at specific times measured in milliseconds, and the entire source of energy to push the ions across the diffusion
Term
Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
Definition
glucose and amino acids both in the intestines during absorption and all other cells needed (concentration gradient)
Term
Active transport
Definition
against the concentration gradient and ATP is used "sodium potassium ion pumps"
Term
cyclooxygenase
Definition
COX stands for
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
-encourage platelet aggregation during blood clotting
-stimulate uterine contraction
-lower amount of gastric secretion
-increase amount of pain and swelling
Term
NSAIDS
Definition
anti-prostaglandins
-relieve pain
-reduce inflammation
-reduce fever
Term
COX inhibitors
Definition
NSAIDS are also called...
Term
Cyclooxygenase or COX
Definition
NSAIDS enzymes
Term
Enzyme
Definition
a protein that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction
Term
Active Site
Definition
A pocket in an enzyme with specific shape and chemical makeup necessary to bind a substrate and where the reaction takes place
Term
Substrate
Definition
A reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction
Term
Product
Definition
The molecule produced
Term
Specificity of an enzyme
Definition
enzyme activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction
Term
Cofactors
Definition
Many enzymes are conjugated proteins that require nonproteins portions
Term
Coenzymes
Definition
organic molecules and vitamins
Term
Oxidoreductases
Definition
catalyze oxidation reduction reactions. Addition or removal of oxygen or hydrogen
A --> B
Term
Transferases
Definition
catalyze transfer of a group from one molecule to another
A+B --> C+D
Term
Hydrolases
Definition
catalyze the hydrolysis of substrate-the breaking of bond with addition of water
A --> B+C
Term
Synthetase
Definition
catalyze the bonding of two substrate molecules. (Dehydration synthesis)
A+B --> C
Term
Decarboxylase
Definition
Removes a carboxyl group from a carboxylic acid producing a CO2
A --> B+CO2
Term
Lipase
Definition
Lipid/Fat
Term
Protease
Definition
Protein
Term
Amylase
Definition
Carbohydrate
Term
Esterase
Definition
Ester --> Acid + Alcohol
Term
Enzyme concentration
Definition
the reaction rate varies directly with the enzyme concentration as long as the substrate concentration does not become a limitation
Term
Activation
Definition
any process that starts or increases the activity of an enzyme (increase, on)
Term
Inhibition
Definition
any process that stops or slows the activity of an enzyme
(decrease, off)
Term
Feedback control
Definition
regulation of an enzyme's activity by the product of a reaction in a pathway, and allosteric control
Term
Feedback control
Definition
-does not have to involve the direct product of the series of reactions
-can be inhibition or activation
-D tells A to either go slow or fast
Term
Allosteric control (non competitive)
Definition
Activity of an enzyme is controlled by the binding of an activator or inhibitor at a location other than the active site
Term
Positive allosteric regulator
Definition
changes the activity site so that the enzyme becomes a better catalyst and the rate accelerates (ADP)
Term
Negative allosteric regulator
Definition
changes the activity site so that the enzyme becomes less effective catalyst and the rate slows down (ATP)
Term
Irreversible inhibition
Definition
the inhibitor remains permanently bound to the enzyme and the enzyme is permanently inhibited (poisons and heavy metals)
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
is the neurotransmitter between motor neurons and muscle thus sending the contract message to the receptor on the muscle
Term
acetylcholinesterase
Definition
________ which is a hydrolase
Term
Competitive inhibition
Definition
occurs when the inhibitor binds to the active site
Term
noncompetitive inhibition (allosteric)
Definition
if the inhibitor binds somewhere other than the active site. Amount of substrate has no effect on whether or not the inhibitor works
Term
Angiotensin I
Definition
low BP, inactive, decapeptide
Term
Angiotensin II
Definition
raises BP, octapeptide
Term
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Definition
enzyme that converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
Term
ACE Inhibitor
Definition
drug that fits into the active site of ACE
Term
Protease inhibitors
Definition
prevent replication of HIV
Term
Prothrombin to thrombin
Definition
2nd to last change of blood clotting
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
thrombin catalyzes change to ______.
-soluble
Term
Fibrin
Definition
becomes the fish net the forms the clot
-insoluble
Term
Proenzymes
Definition
made in an inactive form and become active instantly when a chemical reaction splits off part of the molecule
Term
kinases
Definition
enzymes regulated by other enzymes
-adds or removes an enzyme providing an on/off switch or faster/slower switch
Term
Genetic control
Definition
the synthesis of enzymes can be regulated at the level of the DNA. (Ex: Puberty)
Term
Bs and C
Definition
Water soluble vitamins- excess lost in urine daily
Term
A, D, E
Definition
Fat soluble-excess stored in fat and liver
Term
Vitamin B
Definition
Cofactors in multiple reactions including citric acid cycle and production of ATP
Term
Vitamin C
Definition
coenzyme used when making collagen
-essential for connective tissue
-scurvy
-citrus fruits
Term
Folic Acid
Definition
coenzymes in the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids
-Pregnancy
-Neural tube defect
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
For vision and the immune system
-night blindness
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
absorb calcium
-sunlight
-rickets
-milk
Term
Vitamin E
Definition
antioxidant not a coenzyme
-free radicals
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