Term
| large subunit of ribosome is made up of ... |
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Definition
| 28S, 5.8S, 5S pieces of rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| prokaryotes, small subunit of ribosome is ------ and large subunit is ----- |
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Definition
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Term
| where is amino acid attached on tRNA |
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Definition
| 3' end on A residue of the CCA tail |
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Term
| how many codons are there? |
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Definition
64 codons
61 specify for amino acids
3 are stop codons |
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Term
| is the tRNA that carries the initial Met different from the one that carries it to the ORF? |
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Definition
yes
tRNAi-Met carries initial Methionine
tRNA-Met does the rest |
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Term
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Definition
| codons for one amino acid can vary in last base pair of codon but still carry same amino acid |
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Term
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
links amino acid to its tRNA
20 of these enzymes, each for its own aa
has proofreading feature
structural features (such as anticodon) guide this enzyme to correct tRNA
driven by ATP
AA + ATP ---Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase---> Aminoacyl-AMP + PPi ---tRNA--->
Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP |
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Term
| what does process of translation include (4 steps??) |
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Definition
1. Amino Acid Activation
2. Initiation
3. Elongation
4. Termination |
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Term
| what does initiation in prokaryotes require? |
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Definition
initiatior tRNA (tRNAi-Met)
protein initiation factors (like transcription factors)
GTPs
mRNA and ribosomes (obviously) |
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Term
| what does initiation in eukaryotes require? |
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Definition
need multiple protein factors called eIF's (eukaryotic Initiation Factors)
tightly controlled and very detailed - more flashcards to come... |
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Term
| where does formyl group that is added to first Met residue come from? |
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Definition
| N^10 -formyl-tetrahydrofolate |
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Term
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Definition
| forms hydrogen bonds with a complementary sequence on the 16S rRNA within the 30S (small) subunit |
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Term
| what makes up the pre-initiation (of translation) complex? |
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Definition
three initiation factors (IF-1, IF-2 and IF-3)
fMet-tRNAi(Met)
mRNA
and GTP |
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Term
| eukaryotic steps of translation initiation |
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Definition
1. form first ternary complex [Met-tRNAi(Met) + eIF-2 + GTP] **notice not formyl Met (like prok)**
2. form initiator tRNA-ribosome complex (ternary complex + 40S subunit with eIF-3)
3. form pre-initiation complex [eIF-4F binds to cap, then binds eIF-4A and eIF-4B which bind to 40S subunit]
4. form 80S initiation complex [40S subunit goes along 5'-UTR until it finds AUG (SCANNING); once AUG found, GTP is hydrolyzed and bound eIFs are released allowing 60S subunit to join]
5. recycle eIF-2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stops elongation in eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| stops translocation in prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| stopes translation at multiple sites in prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
stops peptide transfer both euks and proks
has VERY REACTIVE AMINO GROUP -- acts like amino group of an aa; binds to carbonyl group of peptidyl-tRNA in P site
resembles 3' end of tyrosyl-tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| stops translation at multiple sites in eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| stops initiation and elongation in prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| moves aminoacyl-tRNA from A to P site |
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Term
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Definition
this pathogen/disease secretes a toxic enzyme that enters cells and catalyzes the following reaction
EF-2 + NAD+ (ACTIVE) <-----------> ADP-ribosyl-EF-2 + nicotinamide (INACTIVE)
basically, this pathogens toxin inactivates EF-2, which is crucial in moving aminoacyl-tRNAs from A to P sites
no EF-2 = no elongation = no protein |
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Term
| mannose-6-phosphate residues |
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Definition
signal on enzymes that are destined for lysosomes
recognized by the (blank)-(blank)-(blank) receptor
these (blank)-(blank)-(blank) residues help send lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes |
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Term
| I cell disease (mucolipidosis II) |
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Definition
disorder of protein targeting
patients with this disease suffer from severe PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION, SKELETAL/JOINT DEGENERATION, and high mortality rate (death by age 10)
deficiency in GlcNAc-1-P-transferase enzyme --> leads to ABSENCE OF manose-6-phosphate residues
thus, lysosomal enzymes/proteins not delivered to lysosomes
also results in increase in serum levels of lysosomal enzymes (since they are thrown out of cell) AND build up of waste products within cells
build up of INCLUSION BODIES (also called [blank]) --> waste buildup in cell |
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Term
| postranslational modifications |
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Definition
acetylation
carboxyglutamation
glycosylation
hydroxylation
methylation
phosphorylation
prenylation |
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Term
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Definition
one of 7 post translational modification of a protein
do this to histones
results in gene activation |
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Term
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Definition
one of 7 post translational modification of a protein
several blood clotting proteins - prothrombin and factor X
convert glutamic acid to gama-carboxyglutamic acid
these residues are necessary for these proteins to bind calcium ion and participate in blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
one of 7 post translational modification of a protein
all about producing glycoproteins (adds carbs to protein backbones)
abnormal in CYSTIC FIBROSIS
electrolyte transport in lung, pancreas, and liver defective; thick mucous secretions; chronic obstructie lung disease
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) --> the membrane glycoprotein --> NOT PROPERLY GLYCOSYLATED |
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Term
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Definition
this disease is caused by improper glycosylation of a membrane glycoprotein termed (blank)
electrolyte transport in lung, pancreas, and liver defective;
thick mucous secretions;
chronic obstructive lung disease
(blank) --> the membrane glycoprotein --> NOT PROPERLY GLYCOSYLATED |
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Term
hydroxylation
hydroxylating |
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Definition
one of 7 post translational modifications of a protein
involves (blank-ing) specific proline and lysine residues in collagen
stabilizes collagen molecule |
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Term
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Definition
one of 7 post translational modifications of a protein
happens in histones but is not acetylation |
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Term
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Definition
one of 7 post translational modifications of a protein
add a (blank) group to protein
this anchors the protein onto cell membranes |
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