Term
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Definition
| Contains high energy bonds that are able to facilitate energy transfer in the TCA cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport of compounds against a concentration gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleoside monophosphate kinase that transfers a phosphate from one ADP to another ADP to make ATP and AMP. It is an important enzyme in cellular energy balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generation of ATP from ADP without involving electron transfer to oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway that uses high energy phosphate bonds of ATP to do work. This cycle regenerates ATP using oxidative phosphorylation and energy is used for mechanical work, transport work, or biochemical work. |
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Term
| 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate |
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Definition
| An intermediate of glycolysis that contains high energy bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| In regard to this chapter, calcium is involved in triggering a death cascade for a cell. When ATP is unavailable for the active transport of Na+ and Ca2+, cytoplasmic Na+ and Ca2+ ions increase which results in increasing permeability of plasma membrane, loss of ion gradients, decreased cytosolic pH, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, and change in mitochondrial permeability. (eventually, necrosis occurs) |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP depletion causes increased intracellular concentrations and cell swelling. In addition, creatine kinase is released into the blood and can serve as an indicator of a myocardial infarction. |
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Term
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Definition
| High-energy phosphate reservoir and shuttle in brain, muscle, and spermatozoa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme that accepts two electrons as hydrogen atoms donated singly from separate atoms (example: making double bonds or disulfide bonds). To generate ATP through cellular respiration, fuels are degraded by oxidative reactions that transfer most of their chemical bond energy to FAD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced form of FAD. When FAD2H is oxidized by O2 in the electron transport chain, the energy is used to regenerate ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flavinmononucleotide, accepts FAD hydrogen atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| ?G. Change in Gibbs free energy, or energy change starting at 1M substrate and product concentrations and proceeding toward equilibrium. It is influenced by concentration of substrate and product, temperature, pH and pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrogen atom with an extra electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that incorporates one atom of oxygen into the substrate and the other into water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Classified by symptoms of increased secretion of T3 and T4 hormones, a goiter, less efficient use of fuels leading to weight loss, increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, tachycardia, increased nervousness, and tremulousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme classified as an oxygenase which incorporates one or both of the atoms of oxygen into the organic substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that incorporates one atom of oxygen into the substrate and the other to water. It requires electron-donor substrate, a coenzyme, and a metal that can form a reactive oxygen complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electron accepting coenzyme that helps conserve energy for the synthesis of ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidized form of NAD+. Energy from process of NADH being oxidized in the electron transport chain is used to regenerate ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell death. One mechanism necrosis occurs through is lack of oxygen. Lack of oxygen, called hypoxia, leads to decreased mitochondrial electron transport chain function (decreased oxidative phosphorylation of substrates). This leads to decreased ATP production by ATP synthase, and failing of active transport. Ca++ concentration is increased inside the cell, which leads to increased osmotic pressure, cellular swelling, and lysis of the cell due to the amount of water. |
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Term
| Nucleoside Disphosphokinases |
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of high energy phosphate bonds of UTP, GTP, and CTP from ATP. |
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Term
| Nucleoside Monophospokinaes |
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Definition
| Transfers phosphate from an ADP to another ADP to make ATP and AMP. (example: adenylate kinase). |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that incorporate one or both atoms of oxygen into the organic substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| In reference to cell death, high concentrations of Ca2+ activate a phospholipase that increases membrane permeability and resulting in loss of ion gradients across the cell membrane which can eventually lead to necrosis. |
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Term
| Phosphoenolpyruvate Products |
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Definition
| Phosphoenolpyruvate is an intermediate in glycolysis that contains a high energy phosphate bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule that is acted upon by an enzyme. |
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