Term
|
Definition
| 1. determine amounts of materials occuring naturally in the body; 2. identify and quantify substances that have been ingested or injected; 3. determine the presence of bacteria, viruses, parisites; 4. also blood smears to analyze blood cells or other organisms in there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. deliver gases, nutrients, metabolites, and hormones; 2. carrying wastes away from cells to excretory organs; 3. transporting products of the immune system; 4. participating in the regulation of body temperature; 5. maintain osmotic balance in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composes 55% of blood; and is 90% water and 8% protein (albumin, fibronigen, globulins) and 2% electrolytes, gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka cells; include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. granular (neutrophils, eosinphils, and basophils); 2. agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4.5 million/mm3 for women and 5 million/mm3 for men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. anucleate; 2. bicave disc; 3. contains hemoglobin; 4. non-motile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft and flexible and able to change shape when moving through capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport and delivery of oxygen due to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immature RBC-seen in peripheral blood account 1% of circulating RBCs; increase due to higher than normal loss or destruction of RBCs; in H&E staining have darkly staining polyribosomes |
|
|
Term
| maintaining RBC bicave shape |
|
Definition
| done with interaction with integral membran proteins and cytoskeletal components (including protein 4.1, actin, spectrin dimer, and ankyrin) |
|
|
Term
| life span and degradation of RBC |
|
Definition
| lifespan is ~120 days; and senescent RBC are removed by macrophages in liver or spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where RBCs are spheres with lack of pale center arise from defects in protein and interactions of plasma membrane and cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| granulocyte characteristics |
|
Definition
| 1. 15 microns in diameter; 2. have abundant cytoplasm with specific granules; 3. have reddish-purple azure granules |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of neutrophils |
|
Definition
| 1. nucleus has 3-5 lobes connected to each other; 2. cytoplasm is pale pink and small specific granules that stain faintly; 3. ~10 hrs in cirulation and live 1-4 days in tissue; 4. only about 50% are in circulation; 5. many mature ones are produced and stored in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first line of defense against bacteria by phagocytizing bacteria; actively ameboid migrating to sites of infection |
|
|
Term
| leukocyte exit of blood vessels (diapedesis) |
|
Definition
| 1. histamine-induced vasodilation and stasis causes leukocytes to slow and accumulate at periphery of vessels; 2. adhere to endothelial cells; 3. extend pseudopodia and slip through cell junctions |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of eosinophils |
|
Definition
| 1. 2-4% of circulating leukocytes; 2. bilobed nucleus (connected); 3. slightly acidophilic cytoplasm with granules that stain red w/ eosin; 3. specific granules contain major basic protein inactivating agents causing inflammation; 4. produced in bone marrow; 5. 6 hr lifespan in circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. inactivate histamine and leukotienes; 2. contain MBP used to help kill parasites; 3. protect against severe tissue injury by endocytosing antigen-antibody complexes |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of basophils |
|
Definition
| 1. represent less than 1% of circulating leukocytes; 2. elongated, s-shaped, or irregular lobed nucleus; 3. cytoplasm filled with basophilic granules stained darkly due to heparin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. key role in allergic reactions releasing histamine causing vasoconstriction and vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur is small, medium and large sizes; small lymphocytes is round w/ darkly staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of light blue cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| lymphocyte characteristics |
|
Definition
| produced in lymphatic tissues and bone marrow; ~20% are short lived (3-5 days) and ~80% are long-lived (100-200 days) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of immunoglobins and cytotoxic responses; 1. B cells-derived from bone marrow and give rise to antibody producing cells; 2. T cells-derived from thymus and involved in cellular immunity; can reenter blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have abundant gray-blue cytoplasm, eccentric nucleus and indented or folded with pale staining chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. produced in bone marrow; 2. circulate in blood for less than a day; 3. exit blood vessels and enter CT and mature into macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of microbes, exogenous particles, and senescent cells |
|
|
Term
| role of macrophages in chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
| 1. monocytes are chemotactically drawn to tissue along with lymphocytes; 2. here they augment local population of macrophages; 3. phagocytize large particles and take up soluble protein and EC fluid by pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rise in number of circulating leukocytes due to infection; elevated eosinophils may occur in parasitic infections; elevated neutrophils in infections and inflammatory situations; monocyte increases in leukemias and autoimmune |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally function of decreased neutrophils usually result from bone marrow failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-nucleated, disc-shaped lightly basophilic cell fragments and contain several types of granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. alpha granules-contain clotting factors; 2. dense granules-contain calcium, ADP, ATP, and store serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| give rise to platelets; reside in bone marrow, very large cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat cells appear in marrow about 4-6 years of age; and by 18-20 years of age about half is yellow fat cells and active marrow only found in certain bones |
|
|
Term
| constituents of bone marrow |
|
Definition
| mature and developing blood cells, fats cells, and blood vessels, and a CT stroma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3-D meshwork of reticular cells, reticular fibers, and matrix components that support developing cells; form cords that fill spaces between blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| blood supply of bone marrow |
|
Definition
| originates from nutrient arteries of bone which form sinusoids in marrow spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lined by continuous endothelium that rests on incomplete basal lamina; behind basal lamina discontinuous layer of reticular fibers and cells which is barrier blood cells must go through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self-renewing pool of undifferentiated puripotent cells; few number in bone marrow and small mononuclear cells; give rise to all blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from pluripotent cells give rise to committed progenitor cell lines (erythroid, granuloctic-moncytic, and megakaryocytic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiate into two committed progenitor cell lines (B-cells and T-cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. RBC and megakaryocytes develop near sinusoids for easy release of nonmotile products and motile granulocytes develop at a distance; 2. migration controlled by releasing factors, first have to gain access to lumen by passing between the reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earliest recognizable RBC precursor; originates from unipotential stem cell sensitive to EPO |
|
|
Term
| proerythroblast morphology |
|
Definition
| about 20-25 microns; has thin rim lightly basophilic cytoplasm; basophilia increases as it matures; large, round nucleus w/ slightly clumped chromatin and 1-2 nucleoli |
|
|
Term
| nucleus in proerythroblast |
|
Definition
| active nucleus reflects production of mRNA for globin synthesis; and increase in basophilia over time due to increased numbers of polyribosomes in cytoplasm involved in globin synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| daughter cell formed after proerythroblast divides; has a very dark blue cytoplasm, more clumped chromatin, and lack of obvious nuclei |
|
|
Term
| polychromatophilic erythroblast |
|
Definition
| formed from division of basophilic erythroblast; smaller and has blue/pink to gray cytoplasm due to accumulation of hemoglobin and decrease in number of polyribosomes; small nucleus w/ dark clumps of chromatin (checkerboard nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| orthochromatic erythroblast |
|
Definition
| develop from transformation of from polychromatic stage; even smaller and pink-staining cytoplasm and small, very pyknotic nucleus (may be fragmented) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anucleate, red, equal in number to other precursors; stored for 2-4 days in the bone marrow and then release to circulation w/ another day to fully mature to RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that regulates RBC production; is made in response to lowered levels of oxygen, anemia, etc.; produced in the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells characterized by appearance of specific granules in cytoplasm and changes in morphology of their nuclei; the azure granules (lysosomes) are first to appear followed by specific granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originates from the unipotential stem cell; similar to erythroblast in size and morphology; light blue cytoplasm, pale nucleus with nucleoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from division of myeloblast; large and has light blue cytoplasm with azure granules; round nucleus with delicate chromatin pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from promyelocyte by division and maturation and specific granules appear in associated with RER and azure granule formation ceases; nuclei of myelocytes are round w/ clumped chromatin and no nucleoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm becomes lightly pink as neutrophilic granules appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from myelocytes; cytoplasm contains many specific granules and nucleus becomes indented or horse-shoe shaped-incapable of dividing |
|
|
Term
| development of agranulocytes |
|
Definition
| difficult to study progression of stages in development of monocytes and lymphocytes; monocytes arise from same progenitor cell as neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| megakaryocyte development |
|
Definition
| characterized by serial mitotic devisions without cell devision (endo-reduplication) resulting in tightly packed, multi-lobulated nucleus; cytoplasm undergoes maturation by increase in the number of dense core granules and network of membrane channels and tubules (demarcation membrane system); capable of shedding platelets into sinusoids of bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| channels form as the plasma membrane invaginates; small islands are delinated and these islands coalesce forming future platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facilitates the production and maturation of megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka colony stimulating factors-glycoproteins that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of blood cell precursors |
|
|
