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Carbohydrates
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- compounds composed of C, H, O
- Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, inulin, gums)
- Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans (hormones, blood group substances, antibodies)
- Glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides)
- Glycosides
- Mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid)
- Nucleic Acids
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| Functions of Carbohydrates |
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- dietary source
- precursors for organic compounds
- participate in structure of cell membrane and cellular functions
- storage form of energy
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-Mirror image of each other |
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-change in specific carbon which changes structure |
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| Classification of carbohydrates |
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*Monosaccharides-monoses or glycoses
*Oligosaccharides-disaccharides
*Polysaccharides or Glycans-homo/heteropolysaccharides, complex carbs |
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| measures optical activity in chiral or asymmetric molecules using polarized light |
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change in optical rotation of solutions of sugars
optical rotation occurs by epimerization between 2 epimers when sterocenters interconvert |
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| Derivatives of monosaccharides |
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1. sugar phosphates
2. deoxy sugars
3. amino sugars
4. sugar alcohols |
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| component of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) |
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*hydrolysis of glucose & fructose, INVERTED SUGAR
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| partial hydrolysis of cellulose |
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*homoglycan
*storage polysaccharide
*composed of alpha amylose & amylopectin
*BLUE COLOR WITH IODINE |
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*structural polysaccharide
*polymer of alpha D-glucose
*NO COLOR WITH IODINE |
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*branched polymer
*stored in muscle & liver
*hydrolysis gives glucose
*RED-VIOLET COLOR WITH IODINE |
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*no branching
*hydrolysis gives fructose
*YELLOW COLOR WITH IODINE |
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*hydrolysis of starch, maltose, glucose
*3 types
-Amylodextrin-Violet w/iodine
-Erythrodextrin-Red w/iodine
-Achrodextrin-No color w/iodine |
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*proteins linked to saccharides LACKING SERIAL REPEATING UNITS
*enzymes, immunoglobulins, antibodies |
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*proteins with polysaccharides
*HAVE REPEATING UNITS
*help with cell processes and cartilage
* part of GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS |
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*unbranched heteroglycans of repeating disaccharides
*example: HYALURONIC ACID-found in joints/cartilage |
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| GAG found in tendons, cartilage, connective tissue |
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chondroitin-4-sulfate, heparin
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chondroitin-6-sulfate, hyaluronate
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dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate
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*polysaccharides linked to peptides
*MURNAC-9 carbon sugar found ONLY in bacteria |
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| *proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side chains |
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| Transferrin, ceruloplasmin |
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| Immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens |
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| Sperm-oocyte, virus-cell, hormone cell interactions |
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| cell attachment recognition site |
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| Lectins, Selectins, Antibodies |
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| interact with carbohydrates |
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| Suface membrane of platelets |
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1. cerebrosides-1 sugar molecule, gluco/galacto
2. sulfatides, sulfogalactocerebrosides-sulfuric acid ester
3. globosides-lactoglyceramide
4. ganglosides-cell to cell recognition, receptors for hormones |
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| 2-Deoxyadenosine-5-monophosphate |
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| 2-deoxyguanosine-5-monophosphate |
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| 2-deoxycytidine-5-monophosphate |
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