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biochem
for final
51
Biology
11th Grade
02/16/2009

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Term
carb: sources
Definition
plants, bread, pasta, rice, potato
Term
lipid: monomer
Definition
fatty acid (3), glycerol (1)
Term
lipids: sources
Definition
butter, oil, lard, animal fat, mayo
Term
lipid: saturated
Definition
max # of H, liquid
Term
lipid: unsaturated
Definition
double bonds. bent shape, solid
Term
lipids: fatty acids
Definition
long chain with carboxyl group on end. ex: saturated, unsaturated
Term
lipids: functions
Definition
triglyceride: fat.
cholesterol: membrane (ex of steroid).
waxes: protection (from losing water).
steroids: chemical signals (like hormones)
Term
lipids: characteristics
Definition
carboxyl, hydrocarbon chain, nonpolar-hydrophobic, E-structure, bond: ester linkage
Term
proteins: characteristics
Definition
# and order of amino acids, contains N, carboxyl group, peptide bond
Term
protein: structure
Definition
primary: order and number of amino acids. secondary: alpha helix OR beta pleated sheet. tertiary: fibrous, globular. quarternary: combination of multiple protein chains
Term
bonds: H bonds
Definition
a weak type of chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond of another molecule
Term
bonds: peptide bond
Definition
dehydration reaction links carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed
Term
bonds: covalent bonds
Definition
between 2 non metals. sharing electrons
Term
bonds: ionic bonds
Definition
bond between metal and non metal
Term
bonds: polar covalent bonds
Definition
between 2 non-metals with electronegativity > .4 ...... partial charges
Term
bonds: molecules
Definition
2 or more atoms helped by a covalent bond
Term
bonds: compound
Definition
2 or more elements chemically combined
Term
carbohydrates: characteristics
Definition
ring shape, hydrophilic because of polarity, hydroxyl group (OH), made of C,H,O. BOND: glycosidic linkage
Term
carbohydrates: functions-examples
Definition
energy (emediated): starch.
structural (plants walls): cellulose.
energy storage: glycogen.
structural (eksoskeleton): chitin
Term
protein: monomer
Definition
amino acids: 20
Term
protein: functions-examples (7)
Definition
defensive: antibodies.
signal: antigens.
transport: hemoglobin.
enzyme: protease.
contractile: myosin, actin.
structural: muscles.
storage: albumin.
Term
protein: sources
Definition
meat, fish, eggs, seaweed, nuts, beans
Term
carbohydrates: monomer
Definition
monosaccharides
Term
carbohydrates: monomers
Definition
glucose, fructose, galactose: C6H12O6
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
addition of water to break polymers into monomers
Term
polymer
Definition
a molecule made up of repeating units (monomers)
Term
monomer
Definition
building block of a polymer
Term
carboxyl groups
Definition
carbon double bonded to an oxygen and a hydroxyl group (O=C-OH).
acidic
Term
amino group
Definition
proteins, N only found in proteins
Term
hydroxyl group
Definition
OH, carbohydrates
Term
carbonyl group
Definition
O=C
Term
phosphate group
Definition
PO4
Term
metabolism
Definition
the total of an organisms chemical reactions
Term
anabolism
Definition
the building of substances by the body
Term
enzyme
Definition
a protein ( or RNA molecule) that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process.
MADE OF PROTEINS
Term
substrate
Definition
a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate of substrates of the reactions if catalyzes.
OR
a surface in or on which an organism lives.
OR
a specific reactant that an enzyme acts on
AND
enzymes are specific to their substrate
AND
unique 3D shape determines which chemical reaction the chemical catalyzes
Term
active site
Definition
a substrate fits into a region of the enzyme
Term
subtrate sequence...
Definition
[image]
Term
temperature plus enzymes
Definition
high temps reduce enzyme activity: higher temps denature enzymes- alters shape and destroys its function
Term
pH and enzyme activity
Definition
ideal pH = 6-8.
outside this range -> enzyme action may be impaired
Term
cofactor
Definition
nonprotein helper for enzyme = coenzyme
Term
how many elements are naturally occuring?
Definition
92
Term
what are the 4 most common elements found in living organisms?
Definition
C,H,O,N
Term
how many elements may be found in living organisms?
Definition
25
Term
which subatomic particle is responsible for determining the volume of an atom
Definition
protons
Term
a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom with no charge is...
Definition
neutron
Term
what is an isotope?
Definition
variation of neutrons
Term
isomer
Definition
same formula, different structure
Term
when sodium and chloride bond, which one forms a positive ion?
Definition
Cl gains electron = negative, Na = positive
Term
5 properties of water
Definition
acid, base, polar, covalent bond, universal solvent, adhesion, cohesion
Term
complete hydrolysis of starch will produce...
Definition
glucose
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