Term
Gibbs Free energy: Definition? Equation? |
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Definition
Def: predict spontaneity of rxn Eq: ΔG=ΔG°' + Rtln(product/reactants) R=gas const. t=temp |
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| Standard conditions for ΔG°' |
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Definition
temp= 25 C, (298 K) pH 7 substrate and product concentrations= 1M |
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| What occurs when at equilibrium? |
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Definition
G=0 A=B No net work can be accomplished |
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Term
How can you overcome +ΔG? |
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Definition
- Increase [substrate]
- Decrease [product]
- Couple with more negative rxn like ATP hydrolysis
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Term
| General reduction potentials (E°') of NADH and FADH2 |
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Definition
| Large and negative, they are strong reducing agents |
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Term
| What does ETC Complex 1 do? |
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Definition
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Term
What does ETC Complex II do? |
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Definition
| Accepts e- from FADH2 and Complex 1 |
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Term
| What does ETC Complex III do? |
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Definition
| Transfer 3 e- to complex IV |
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Term
| What does ETC Complex IV do? |
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Definition
| Reduces oxygen to form water |
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Term
What are e- moved out of the cell? |
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Definition
| The energy is used to pump H+ out of the cell |
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Definition
| plays a role in pumping protons from mitochondria |
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Term
| What are the 2 parts of ATP synthase? |
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Definition
Fo= rotating C peptides which form channel for reentry of H+, also has A and B subunits ( the rotation of C proteins move the γ subunit which moves α,β of F1 F1= 3 dimers of α,β subunits, where ADP+Pi=ATP (the release from the dimer requires energy from H+ movement) |
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Term
| What lines the proton channel? |
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Definition
Gamma carboxyl groups of glutamic acid. They bind the proton and release it because the inner space is more basic. |
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Term
| The concentration of what molecule controls the Activity of ATP synthase? |
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Definition
ADP increase=synthesis increases (occurs during exercise) O2 is usually not a limiting factor, except in very very active muscle |
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Term
| Generally, what happens when ETC is inhibited at any spot? |
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Definition
There is a reduction of components prior to inhibited pt and oxidation of those after |
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Term
| What does rotenone do and can it be overcome? |
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Definition
| It is an insecticide which inhibits at Complex I, can be overcome by adding succinate, which makes FADH2 and enters at Complex 2. |
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Term
What does antimycin do and can it be overcome? |
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Definition
It is an antibiotic, which inhibits Complex III, blocks the flow of e- which enter ETC at site I (NADH) or site II (FADH2). All compoents downstream would be oxidized. Can be overcome by adding ascorbic acid (Vit C); which will reduce cytochrome C (will only last until acid is gone) |
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Term
What do Cyanide, Azide, and Carbon Monoxide have in common? |
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Definition
They bind to Cytochrome C and prevent the flow of e- and oxygen consumption, all upstream are reduced. Cyanide can be revered by converting hemoglobin to methemogolbin which has high affinity for cyanide. |
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Term
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Definition
It inhibits ATP synthesis by binding to proton channel. The block in O2 consumption can be overcome by dinitrophenol (DNP), which will dissapate the H+ gradient, but ATP synthesis will still not occur with oligomycin present. DNP=lipid soluble |
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Definition
Ketose-Aldose (Glucose)-(Fructose) |
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Definition
Entantiomers- mirror images |
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Term
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Definition
Diastereomiers- they are stereoisomers, but not enantiomers Glucose and Galactose are epimers (one carbon is different) |
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