Term
| What is oxidation (general) |
|
Definition
| gives up electrons/reducing equivalents |
|
|
Term
| What is reduction (general) |
|
Definition
| gains electrons/reducing equivalents |
|
|
Term
| If something has a very negative E (reduction potential) it is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something has a most positive E (reduction potential) it is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of delta E, delta G = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of electron-transfer chain complexes |
|
Definition
| inner membrane of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is the matrix and what is inside |
|
Definition
area inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria
pyruvate dehydrogenase, TCA cycle enzymes, and Fatty-acid oxidation enzymes |
|
|
Term
| general purpose of electron transfer chain |
|
Definition
| takes electrons from nutrients and gives them to oxygen |
|
|
Term
| what are nutrients oxidized by? |
|
Definition
| TCA cycle, fatty-acid oxidation, pyruvate dehyrdogenase |
|
|
Term
| where do the electrons go when nutrients are oxidized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the energy released from redox reactions at electron-transfer chain complexes used for? |
|
Definition
| pumping protons from membrane to cytosol |
|
|
Term
| what is the concentration gradient of protons (charge) used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is Complex I called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Complex I reaction
NADH + UQ >>> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Complex I:
1 NADH = how many protons? |
|
Definition
| 4 protons (because reaction is very exergonic) |
|
|
Term
| What is Complex II called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Complex II reaction:
succinate + UQ >>> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Complex II:
1 succinate = how many protons |
|
Definition
| 0 (reaction is not exergonic enough) |
|
|
Term
| what does glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| oxidizes glycerol-3-phosphate in the cytosol; reducing equivalents go from cytosol to inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in complex III
reduces cytochrome c |
|
|
Term
| What is complex III called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the reaction of Complex III
UQH2 + Cyt c(Fe3+) >>> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Complex III:
1 uqh2 = HOW MANY protons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is complex IV called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the reaction of Complex IV
4 Cyt C(Fe2+) + O2 + 4H+ >>> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Complex IV:
1 H2O produced = how many protons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overall, where do high energy electrons from nutrients go and what do they form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reduction potential? |
|
Definition
| The tendency for a species to gain electrons |
|
|
Term
| In what way do electrons move spontaneously? |
|
Definition
| from reductants (negative) to oxidants (more positive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen (electron-acceptor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen (electron-acceptor) |
|
|
Term
| The higher the delta E>>> |
|
Definition
| the lower the delta G, so reaction is spontaneous and releases energy |
|
|
Term
| How do protons come back into mitochondria after being pumped out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides the energy to pump H+ out of the mitochondria |
|
Definition
| the redox reactions at the complexes |
|
|
Term
| list electron carriers from lowest potential to highest potential |
|
Definition
NADH>UQ>Cyt C>O2
remember electrons move from reductants to oxidants |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of electrons on Complex I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many electrons can FAD and FMN carry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many electrons can FeS carry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many electrons can UQ carry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the path of electrons on Complex II? |
|
Definition
| succinate>>>FADH2>>>2FE2+>>>UQH2 |
|
|
Term
| essentially what does complex III do |
|
Definition
| uses the UQH2 from complexes I and II and other pathways to reduce cytochrome c |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid soluble, 2-electron carrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water-soluble electron carrier |
|
|
Term
| what is the transmembrane protein of complex III |
|
Definition
| b cytochrome (with hemeb's) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to cytochrome C at Complex III |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to cytochrome C at Complex IV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cyt C's are needed to reduce oxygen to water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Complex I is inhibited, what happens to ETC> |
|
Definition
UQH2 is still regenerated by other reactions
only complex III and IV pump protons, so there's a smaller gradient and less ATP is made
NADH builds up, inhibiting dehydrogenase reactions
Cells will start converting pyruvate to lactate to regenerate NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| How much energy is required to pump 1 mole of H+ out of the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If electrons are donated from NADH,how many protons are pumped across the mitochondria from one reducing equivalent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If UQH2 donates electrons (not NADH), how many protons are pumped from one reducing equivalent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deplete the proton gradient without making ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane-bound protein channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extends into matrix
3 alpha and 3 beta subunits |
|
|
Term
| Where is the binding site for ADP and Pi |
|
Definition
| on beta subunits of complex V |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the F0 domain on the complex V as protons move from outside to inside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when the F0 domain rotates |
|
Definition
the beta subunits on the F1 domain changes shape (tight to open to loose)
1 proton = 1/3 of rotation |
|
|
Term
| what is the tight-conformation of the beta subunits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the open conformation of the beta subunits of F1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the loose conformation of the beta subunit of F1 domain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP produced using 1 reducing equivalent of NADH |
|
Definition
10 H+ pumped across membrane
---------------------------- =
4 H+ to make 1 ATP
2.5 ATP |
|
|
Term
| How many ATP produced using 1 reducing equivalent of UQH2? |
|
Definition
6 protons pumped across membrane
-------------------------------- =
4 protons through ATP synthase
1.5 ATP |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 shuttle systems used to get reducing equivalents from cytosol to mitochondria? |
|
Definition
Glycerol Phosphate shuttle
Malate Shuttle |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway of the glycerol-phosphate shuttle? |
|
Definition
NADH reduces dihydroxyacetone to glycerol-3-phosphate
glycerol-3-phosphate is oxidized back into dihydroxyacetone, and UQ is reduced to UQH2
energy is lost |
|
|
Term
| pathway of malate shuttle system? |
|
Definition
NADH reduces oxaloacetate to malate
Malate enters mitochondria
Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate while NAD+ is reduced to NADH |
|
|
Term
| what triggers insulin release from the pancreas |
|
Definition
| glucose present in the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| which 3 pathways does insulin activate? |
|
Definition
glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, and fatty-acid synthesis
(pathways that USE glucose) |
|
|
Term
| what 2 pathways does insulin inhibit? |
|
Definition
gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
(pathways that MAKE glucose) |
|
|
Term
| what is reciprocal regulation? |
|
Definition
| glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin in carbohydrate metabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
| insulin increases the synthesis of which 2 enzymes |
|
Definition
| glucokinase and pyruvate kinase |
|
|
Term
| how is glucose transported into the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of insulin on muscle and adipose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is glucokinase found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kinestics of glucokinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glucokinase: maximal activity in which state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does liver use glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do cell types other than liver use glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe 2 active sites of PFK-2 |
|
Definition
| one is a kinase active site and one is a phosphatase active site |
|
|
Term
| which active site on PFK-2 is activated by insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the kinase active site on PFK-2 is activated, what is synthesized? |
|
Definition
| F-2,6-BP>>>activates PFK-1>>>activates glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| which active site on PFK-2 is activated by glucagon? |
|
Definition
| phosphatase>>>hydrolyzes F-2,6-BP>>>removes activation of PFK-1 and slows down glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what effect does insulin have on pyruvatekinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when ATP is present, what happens to pyruvatekinase? |
|
Definition
| it is inhibited, bc there is already lots of energy made, so glycoslysis doesn't need to happen |
|
|
Term
| which forms of pyruvatekinase is active and inactive? |
|
Definition
| phosphorylated is inactive, reverse is active |
|
|
Term
| when there is glucagon present, what doe sit do to pyruvatekinase? |
|
Definition
glucagon = fasting state = not a lot of glucose present
activates kinase, which phosphorylates pyruvatekinaseand in turn inactivates it |
|
|
Term
| when there is insulin present, what happens to pyruvatekinase |
|
Definition
insulin present = glucose in the bloodstream
activates phosphatase which dephosphorylates the pyruvatekinase, making it active and glycolysis proceeds |
|
|
Term
| what is the activity level of PDH controlled by? |
|
Definition
energy state of cell
NAD+/NADH and ATP/ADP ratios |
|
|
Term
| which form of PDH is inactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| presence of NADH and acetyl coA does what to PDH? |
|
Definition
PDH becomes inactive
NADH and acetyl coA are products, so that alloesterically inhibits it (high energy state)
also they activate kinase to phosphorylate and deactivate it |
|
|
Term
| what is TCA cycle regulated by? |
|
Definition
energy level of cell
NAD+/NADH and ATP/ADP |
|
|
Term
| High NADH/NAD+ ratios will ____ dehydrogenase enzymes of TCA cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the products of the TCA cycle and where do they go? |
|
Definition
| NADH and UQH2>>>electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| why does production of ATP stimulate TCA cycle |
|
Definition
| increase in production of ATP will cause high rate of NADH oxidation by electron transfer chain and this stimulates TCA cycle to produce more NADH |
|
|
Term
| what does pyruvatecarboxylase do? |
|
Definition
| synthesizes oxaloacetate from pyruvate and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| which 3 substrates generate UQH2? |
|
Definition
succinate
glycerol phosphate
fatty acyl coA |
|
|
Term
| what is the pH in respiring mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of inhibitor of ATPase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 allosteric inhibitors of PFK-1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does PFK-1 synthesize?
What does PFK-2 synthesize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which molecule has 2 active sites, kinase and phosphatase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what activates pyruvatekinase? |
|
Definition
| Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate |
|
|
Term
| which enzyme changes glucose to glucose-6-phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does glucose-6-phosphate inhibit and what is this process called? |
|
Definition
| hexokinase; negative feedback inhibition |
|
|
Term
| what does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is F-2,6-disphosphate controlled by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates pyruvate kinase? |
|
Definition
| fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which 2 substrates cause inactivation of the kinase the phosphorylates PDH, keeping it active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what activates the phosphatase which removes the phosphate on PDH |
|
Definition
| Ca++ (from contracting muscles) |
|
|
Term
| what effect does "blocking" one of the complexes in the ETC have on the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| it shuts it down. no flux of electrons>>>buildup of NADH>>>goodbye TCA |
|
|
Term
| what is the rate-determining step of the TCA cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the TCA cycle, what does isocitrate get turned into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is a lot of ADP present in the TCA cycle, what happens? |
|
Definition
| stimulates TCA cycle bc it needs energy (ATP) |
|
|
Term
| what effect does ATP hav eon TCA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If TCA is going slowly and more energy is needed, what happens |
|
Definition
| if there's plenty of pyruvate, some of it will get converted into oxaloacetate |
|
|
