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are the basic units of elements
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| are positively charged whereas are negatively charged. |
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| (+) and (-) are attracted to one another. |
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| An atom that gains or loses electrons becomes an of the same element |
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| An atom that gains or loses protons becomes a |
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An atom that gains or loses neutrons becomes an
of the same element |
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T/F
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons
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are two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
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decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
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| A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its which is the number of protons in its nucleus |
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Elements are divided into , , and .
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| metals, metalloids, and non-metals. |
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Three elements in the periodic table , , and , make up more than 90% of the body’s mass.
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(C, H , O)
Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen
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•Eight additional elements (N, P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl) complete the list of of the body.
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The body also requires (or minor essential elements) such as Se, Cr, Mn, Mo.
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T/F
Chemical behavior is determined by the distribution of electrons in an orbital shell
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- the ability of an atom to attract (pull) electrons towards itself.
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are in the outermost, or valence shell
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T/F
The chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by the valence electrons
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T/F
Atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms
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Electron sharing can be depicted with dots representing the outermost electrons. These interactions usually result in atoms held together by attractions called
.
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T/F
The outer valence shell has the lowest energy level. |
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| False. The outer valence has the highest energy level, the second shell has the second highest, and the first has the lowest energy level. |
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| Bonds have the strongest type of bonding, are used in organic molecules, and their atoms share electrons to fill orbital shells |
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- covalent bonds
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–H2
–e- shared equally
- covalent bonds
–H20
–Unequal sharing of e-
–Charged “poles”
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Nonpolar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds |
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T/F
Polar substances are insoluble in water. |
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Definition
False
Polar substances are soluble in water. |
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Term
= attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges
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| Van der Waals interactions |
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Term
. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another; the resulting ions are attracted to one another
bonds
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T/F
A molecule’s shape is determined by the positions of its atoms’ valence orbitals
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T/F
Biological molecules recognize and interact with each other with a specificity based on molecular shape
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T/F
Products convert to Reactants
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False
Reactants convert to products
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Term
1.Cohesion
2.Moderation of temperature
3.Insulation of bodies of water by floating ice
4.Universal solvent
These chemical properties of are necessary for metabolic processes.
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| helps the transport of water against gravity in plants. |
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is an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls
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is a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
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measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules
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•A is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
–The “calories” on food packages are actually where 1 kcal = 1,000 cal
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= heat absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change temperature by 1ºC
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Which of the following statements are true?
•Water’s high specific heat can be traced to hydrogen bonding
–Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break
–Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form
•High specific heat of water minimizes temperature fluctuations
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| All of the statements are true. |
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A is a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances
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A is the dissolving agent of a solution
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The is the substance that is dissolved
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When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a
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Large molecules that do not dissolve are called
and molecules are nonionic and nonpolar and cannot form hydrogen bonds. |
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Hydrophilic molecules
Hydrophobic molecules
Cell membrane : phosphate head and a lipid tail
Phosphate head is hydrophilic and tail is hydrophobic
Phospholipid bilayer – no bonding, self assemble where
Molecules float side by side
Ex. Micelle
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– proton (H+) donor
•increases the H+ concentration of a solution
– proton (H+) acceptor
•reduces the H+ concentration of a solution
- [H+]
– can act as a (H+) donor and (H+) acceptor
•minimizes change in [H+]
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Which of the following statements about Carbon are false?
•Cells are 70–95% water; the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds
•Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules
•Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds
•Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones
•Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms
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| All these statements are true. |
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| are the organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. |
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Definition
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are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties:
– isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
– isomershave the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements
– are isomers that are mirror images of each other
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Definition
Isomers
Structural isomers
Geometric isomers
Enantiomers
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• are the components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions
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Definition
Functional groups
–The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
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| Name 3 out of the 7 functional groups that are the most important in the chemistry of life: |
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Definition
1.Hydroxyl group
2.Carbonyl group
3.Carboxyl group
4.Amino group
5.Sulfhydryl group
6.Phosphate group
7.Methyl group
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Term
is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell
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Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), |
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Term
•ATP consists of an organic molecule called attached to a string of three phosphate groups
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