Term
|
Definition
1852-1919
-determined the synthesis and chemical structures of glucose, fructose and mannose in 1980, starting from glycerol |
|
|
Term
| Discovered the nucleic acid (nuclein), which is very large, acidic and rich in phosphorus, from white blood cells... |
|
Definition
FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
1844-1895 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1930
-examined the effectiveness of ultraviolet light for killing bacterial at 265 nm, demonstrating nucleic acid in DNA is the genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -analyzed the composition of DNA, in which A=T and G=C, known as Chargraff's rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a non-winner of Nobel Prize, Jewish woman died of ovarian cancer, applied X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure |
|
|
Term
| FRANCIS CRICK & JAMES D. WATSON |
|
Definition
| -in 1952, the English-American team proposed the 'double-helix' secondary structure, which followed the 'base-pairig' rules, in which pyrmidine = purine (ex: A=T and G=C), indicating that each DNA of the double helix strand with the same genetic information, in a self-complemetary fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1818-1889
-proposed the 'First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy Conservation' (delta E = q + w), where E is the internal energy of system, q is the heat energy absorbed/released by system and w is work done on/by system |
|
|
Term
suggested 'free' energy is available to do work in the biological rxn. According to the equation: delta G = delta H -Tdelta S. Rxn proceeds spontaneously forwards if the rxn is exothermic (delta H ___ 0) and the system entropy increases (delta S ___ 0). Temperature determines relative importance of H and S.
-fill in the blanks
-who is this person? |
|
Definition
- delta H < 0
-delta S > 0
-JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1899-1986
-a Noble Prize winner in 1953, recognized the significance of nucleotide ATP in bioenergetics, which is the most important reservoir of free energy available for immediate use in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -in 1905 discovered that the rapid conversion of glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate faster when phosphate is added to the cell-free yeast to extract to examine the chemical analysis of metabolites formed in glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| The great physicist who built the world's first nuclear reactor with uranium, then used the reactor to make plutonium and build THE MOTHER FUCKING ATOM BOOOOMB! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-in 1904 used the phenyl-labeled fatty acids tagging the terminal (w, not the letter w but the greek symbol) carbon atom to study the metabolism of fatty acids.
-he realized that fatty acids were catabolized 2 carbons at a time, in which the oxidation occurred at the B (beta) carbon atom, led to the discovery of B-oxidation of fatty acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1893-1986
-is a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel prize in 1937 for the discovery of Vit. C
-he was also the pioneer of the concept of citric acid cycle, which involved the measurement of the respiration rate from an actively-respiring tissue in pigeon flight muscle
-studies of oxidation of organic acids (succinate, fumarate and malate) resulted to an important clue to the metabolism of citric acid |
|
|
Term
The Nobel Prize winner in 1953, discovered the citric acid cycle or _________________. In 1937, he demonstrated that _______, a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II in ETC), blocks respiration and succinate accumulates.
-fill in the blanks
-who is this? |
|
Definition
-tricarboxylic acid cycle
-malonate
HANS KREBS!!
1900-1981 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1920-1992
-proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis, in which electron transport chain acts as proton pumps, moving H+ from matrix to inter-membrane space.
-energy stored as electrochemical gradient
-ATP synthesis is driven by return flow of H+ via oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the Nobel Prize winner in 1997, focused on the structural studyies of F1Fo ATPase (ATP synthase) from yeast, chloroplasts and bacteria to show that ATP synthase is a complex of multiple proteins composed of at least eight different types of subunits, with multiple copies of some subunits
-F1 is composed of a bunch of subunits (alphaBeta)_3gammasigma e; and Fo is composed of the ring of c subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shared the Nobel Prize winner in 1996, based on the kinetic studies to examine the rotary catalytic mechanism of ATP synthase
-Boyer suggested that the ATP synthase is a rotary engine, in which large catalytic subunits moved rotationally around a smaller asymmetric core
-the rotary engine includes:
1. c10 rotates w.r.t a; 2. gamma rotates w.r.t. (alphaBeta)_3 |
|
|
Term
| Was an Austrian biochemist who was responsible for identifying and purifying Factor 1 (F1), the first part of the ATP synthase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-proposed that the a subunit forms two discrete 'half-channels' for which protons flow back across the inner mitochondrial membrane, down their chemical potential gradient
-one half-channel leads from the inter-membrane space side of the membrane into the subunit and the other half-channel leads from inside of the subunit to the matrix
-H+ jump from the a subunit to the ring of the c subunit
|
|
|
Term
| Glycerophospholipids are? |
|
Definition
| -amphipathic, combining both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties |
|
|
Term
pick the right one
Common fatty acids...
a.) have an odd number of carbon atoms
b.)are readily available source of energy because they are found abundantly in cells as free fatty acids
c.)are branched, allowing the simultaneous removal of carbon atoms from each of the branches
d.) with unsaturated double bonds are usually found in the cis geometrical isomer |
|
Definition
| D.) with unsaturated double bonds are usually found in the cis geometrical isomer |
|
|
Term
Disaccharides are built from two simple sugars.
a. Because of the glycosidic linkage between the two sugars all disaccharides are non reducing sugars
b. they are formed by linking any one of the hydroxyl groups of one sugar to any one of the hydroxyl groups of a second sugar
c. formation of the glycosidic bond of a disaccharide MUST involve the anomeric carbon of one sugar because it is the only electrophilic carbon atom in sugar
d. the glycosidic bond between the two sugars can NEVER involve the anomeric carbons of both sugars |
|
Definition
| C. formation of the glycosidic bond of a disaccharide MUST involve the anomeric carbon of one sugar because it is the only electrophilic carbon atom in sugar |
|
|
Term
The ability to reduce cupric ions (Cu2+) to cuprous ions (Cu +) is the basis for the reducing sugar test...
a. condensation of the anomeric C of a sugar with an alcohol renders the sugar a non reducing sugar
b. this property provides a simple basis for separating pyranose sugars from furanose sugars
c. cyclization results in the conversion of a reducing sugar into a non reducing sugar
d. reducing sugar test was used in the detection of glucose in the blood of diabetics because it is specific for glucose |
|
Definition
| A. condensation of the anomeric C of a sugar with an alcohol renders the sugar a non reducing sugar |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about nucleic acid structure is FALSE?
a. the two strands of the double helix have complementary sequences
b. the phosphodiester linkage connects the 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups of adjacent sugars
c. the double helix is formed from two parallel right-handed helical strands of DNA
d. ribose is in the RNA sugar that corresponds to the DNA sugar deoxyribose |
|
Definition
| C. the double helix is formed from two parallel right-handed helical strands of DNA |
|
|
Term
| "Chargaff's Rule" concerning the base composition of DNA can be stated as?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The net charge on the RNA oligonucleotide 5' UAACGCAU 3' (bearing-OH groups at the 5' and 3' ends, at neutral pH and ignoring any counterions) will be?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the enzymes of the Kreb's cycle are soluble in the mitochondrial matrix, except for one which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and this one is?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following experimental observations can be explained by the cyclical nature of the Krebs cycle?
a. malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase
b. pigeon breast muscle has a very high rate of oxygen consumption
c. knoop discovered that citrate could be converted to succinate
d. addition of succinic acid to a pigeon flight muscle preparation resulted in a catalytic increase in oxygen consumption |
|
Definition
| D. addition of succinic acid to a pigeon flight muscle preparation resulted in a catalytic increase in oxygen consumption |
|
|
Term
There are 3 NAD+-linked dehydrogenation reactions in the Krebs cycle. The substrates for these enzymes are:
A. alpha-ketogluturate, furmate, malate
B. citrate, isocitrate, fumurate
C. isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate
D. isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate |
|
Definition
| C. isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate |
|
|
Term
The addition of fluorocitrate, a potent rodenticide, to a preparation of actively respiring rat skeletal muscle, led to a decrease in the concentration of all the citric acid cycle intermediates except citrate. The concentration of citrate was significantly increased. Where did the block in the citric acid cycle occur?
A. citrate synthase
B. isocitrate dehydrogenase
C. Aconitase
D. none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are formed from precursor stem cells known as hemocytoblasts. In the process of maturation, these cells give rise to daughter cells that produce large amounts of hemoglobin and then lose their intra cellular organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Identify the INCORRECT statement.
a) Erythrocytes are wholly dependent on glucose as a fuel source.
b) Erythrocytes are unable to use fatty acids as a fuel source.
c) Erythrocytes produce lactate from glucose even under aerobic conditions.
d) Erythrocytes produce 30 moles of ATP for each mole of glucose metabolized |
|
Definition
| d) Erythrocytes produce 30 moles of ATP for each mole of glucose metabolized |
|
|
Term
Identify the INCORRECT statement about lactate production in muscle.
a) It forms part of the Cori cycle.
b) Two moles of lactate are produced from one mole of glucose.
c) it occurs in the cytoplasm
d) the rate of lactate production decreases when the cells become anaerobic |
|
Definition
| d) the rate of lactate production decreases when the cells become anaerobic |
|
|
Term
You are carrying out experiments with mitochondria in which you are measuring the oxidation of various substrates in the presence of different inhibitors. Oxidation of one particular substrate is inhibited by cyanide (inhibitor of complex IV) and antimycin A (inhibitor of complex III) but not by rotenone (inhibitor of complex I). Identify this substrate.
a. alpha-ketoglutarate
b. pyruvate
c. succinate
d. malate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Knowing the chemiosmotic theory as explained by Peter Mitchell, identify the INCORRECT answer.
a) The addition of cyanide – an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase will bring the rate of ATP synthesis to zero.
b) The addition of oligomycin – an inhibitor of ATP synthase will bring the rate of respiration to zero.
c) Disruption of the integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane will inhibit ATP synthesis; but respiration will still continue
d) Addition of dinitrophenol, an uncoupler will lead to a complete inhibition of respiration |
|
Definition
| d) Addition of dinitrophenol, an uncoupler will lead to a complete inhibition of respiration |
|
|
Term
Choose the INCORRECT answer. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi releases a large amount of free energy because:
a) The ADP formed in the reaction immediately ionizes, releasing a proton in to the medium, which drives the hydrolysis towards completion.
b) The removal of phosphate groups relieve some of the electrostatic repulsion seen in ATP.
c) Pi is stabilized by the formation of several resonance structures not possible in ATP.
d) The phosphoanhydride bond found in ATP is a special type of covalent bond that contains a large amount of energy |
|
Definition
| d) The phosphoanhydride bond found in ATP is a special type of covalent bond that contains a large amount of energy |
|
|
Term
Hydrolysis of Creatine phosphate can directly form ATP because:
a) The products of phosphocreatine hydrolysis are resonance-stabilized.
b) Phosphocreatine contains a phosphoanhydride bond.
c) The concentration of Creatine phosphate in the cell is much greater than the concentration of ATP.
d) Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate releases more energy than the hydrolysis of ATP |
|
Definition
| d) Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate releases more energy than the hydrolysis of ATP |
|
|
Term
One of the reasons for choosing ATP as the universal energy currency in cells is because;
a. ATP is kinetically stable in that it only hydrolyzes when an enzyme catalyzes the rxn
b. hydrolysis of ATP releases more energy than the hydrolysis of any other phosphorylated molecule
c. ATP is the only 'high energy' molecule found in nature
d. the phosphoanhydride linkages in ATP are high energy covalent bonds |
|
Definition
| a. ATP is kinetically stable in that it only hydrolyzes when an enzyme catalyzes the rxn |
|
|
Term
In preparation for beta oxidation, a fatty acid is first converted to an acyl-CoA and then into an acyl-carnitine because:
a) Acyl-carnitine is a high energy molecule, the oxidation of which results in the release of a large amount of energy.
b) Fatty acids cannot be oxidized by FAD unless they are in acyl-carnitine form.
c) Carnitine is required to oxidize NADH to NAD+.
d) Acyl-carnitines can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane, but acyl-CoA's cannot |
|
Definition
| d) Acyl-carnitines can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane, but acyl-CoA's cannot |
|
|
Term
Mitochondria of Brown Adipose Tissue contain a unique protein in their inner mitochondrial membrane called Thermogenin. Thermogenin provides a path for protons to return to the mitochondrial matrix from the inter membrane space without passing through ATP synthase. Identify the INCORRECT statement:
a) The electron transport chain of these mitochondria does not function.
b) Thermogenin acts as an uncoupler.
c) The energy of oxidation is dissipated as heat in these mitochondria.
d) ATP synthesis is drastically reduced in these mitochondria. |
|
Definition
| a) The electron transport chain of these mitochondria does not function. |
|
|
Term
In an experiment with pigeon breast muscle preparation, you observed that the addition of fumarate stimulated the removal of acetyl CoA in a 1:1 stoichiometric fashion. Which statement below best explains this observation?
a. the cycle inhibited between fumarate and malate
b. the cycle is inhibited between malate and oxaloacetate
c. the cycle is inhibited between succinate and fumarate
d. the krebs cycle is functioning normally |
|
Definition
| c. the cycle is inhibited between succinate and fumarate |
|
|
Term
TRUE/FALSE
Electrons from cytosolic NADH entering the mitochondrial matrix via the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle generate the equivalent of 2.5 ATPs |
|
Definition
FALSE
-In this shuttle system, electrons from cytosolic NADH are transferred to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the action of cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This results in the conversion of DHAP to glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P).
-Glycerol 3-phosphate is reoxidized to DHAP by mitochondrial glycerol 3-phophate dehydrogenase, which uses FAD rather than NAD+ as the oxidizing agent. This results in the transfer of electrons from G3P to FAD forming FADH2.
-Therefore, this shuttle generates a mitochondrial FADH2 for each cytosolic NADH. Oxidation of a mole of FADH2 only results in the production of 1.5 moles of ATP. |
|
|
Term
TRUE/FALSE
The optical activity of a stereoisomer is expressed quantitatively by its optical rotation, the number of degrees by which plane-polarized light is rotated on passage through a solution of the compound at a given concentration.
A freshly prepared solution of α-D glucose shows a specific rotation of +112^0. Over time it gradually decreases to +52.50^0. The same concentration of a freshly prepared solution of β-D glucose shows a specific rotation of +19^0. Over time this will gradually increase up to +52.5^0. |
|
Definition
TRUE
-α glucose has a specific optical activity. But once dissolved it slowly converts to an equilibrium mixture of α and β isoforms due to the mechanism known as mutarotation.
-β glucose too has its specific optical activity. Once dissolved however, it too would give rise to an equilibrium mixture of α and β glucose.
-Since the initial concentrations were the same both solutions will have equal amounts of α and β glucose at equilibrium.
-Therefore, both solutions will have a similar optical activity at equilibrium.
|
|
|
Term
TRUE/FALSE
Before entering the mitochondrial matrix to undergo beta oxidation fatty acids are converted into fatty acyl CoAs. This process is made more favourable by the hydrolysis of two high-energy phosphoanhydride linkages. |
|
Definition
TRUE
-The conversion of a fatty acid to a fatty acyl-CoA is coupled to the cleavage of ATP to AMP and PPi hydrolyzing one phosphoanhydride bond of ATP.
-However, the pyrophosphate (PPi) formed in this reaction is immediately hydrolyzed by inorganic pyrophosphotase leading to the hydrolysis of a second phosphoanhydride bond.
-The energy thus released by the breakage of two phosphoanhydride bonds help drive this reaction in the forward direction. |
|
|
