Term
| where and when are free FA most concentrated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do free FA come from |
|
Definition
| TAG in adipose or circulating lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| where can free FA be consumed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are free FA in low concentrations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of free fatty acids |
|
Definition
| membrane lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids), stored in adipose, major energy reseve |
|
|
Term
| what form at 90% of fatty acids in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of a fatty acid is hydrophobic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of a fatty acid is hydrophillic, why |
|
Definition
| carboxyl group, at physological pH it is COO- |
|
|
Term
| due to the carbon end and the COO- end of fatty acids the molecule is considered to be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the fatty acid is longer what does this do to the solubility |
|
Definition
| more hydrophobic, must be carried with a protein for transport, decreasing fluidity |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean if a fatty acid is saturated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean if a fatty acid is unsaturated |
|
Definition
| it has one or more double bonds |
|
|
Term
| what conformation and pattern are double bonds in an unsaturated fatty acid |
|
Definition
| cis spaced every # carbons |
|
|
Term
| what do double bonds do to the physical properities of the fatty acid |
|
Definition
| reduce Tm and increase fluidity |
|
|
Term
| when naming what carbon do you begin numbering with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you name a fatty acid |
|
Definition
| number of carbons : number of double bonds (location of double bonds) |
|
|
Term
| where is the alpha carbon located |
|
Definition
| next to the carbonyl, carbon 2 |
|
|
Term
| where is the beta carbon located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the gamma carbon located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the omega carbon located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an alternativie way of naming fatty acids |
|
Definition
| name from the omega carbon instead of carbonyl |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean if a fatty acid is essential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the essential fatty acids |
|
Definition
| alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid |
|
|
Term
| what is the precursor for omega 3 fatty acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of omega 3 fatty acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the precursor for omega 6 fatty acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of omega 6 fatty acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the largest source of fatty acids in people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function o f arachadonic acid |
|
Definition
| becomes essential if linoleic acid is deficient in the diet |
|
|
Term
| what happens to excess dietary protein and carbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the common places of de novo synthesis |
|
Definition
| liver and lactating mammary glands, some in adipose |
|
|
Term
| where are fatty acids made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the carbon source for fatty acid production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does energy for fatty acid production come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does reduction power for fatty acids production come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the mitochondria make acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
| oxidizing pyruvate, beta-oxidation of long cahin CoA, catabolism of ketone bodies and some amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what causes FA to not be stored during FA synthesis |
|
Definition
| isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by high ATP levels |
|
|
Term
| what is the first reaction in FA synthesis |
|
Definition
| citrate synthase turns acetyl CoA and OAA into citrate |
|
|
Term
| why is acetyl CoA turned into citrate in FA synthesis |
|
Definition
| because acetyl CoA cannot get through the mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| what happens to citrate after it crosses the membrane in fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
| ATP-citrate lyase cleaves it into acetyl-CoA and OAA |
|
|
Term
| after citrate gets turned into acetyl CoA what happens to it |
|
Definition
| ATP citrate lyase cleaves citrate into carboxylate acetyl using CO2 and ATP |
|
|
Term
| what causes short term activation of acetyl CoA carboxylase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes short term deactivation of acetyl CoA carboxylase |
|
Definition
| long chain FA, AMP activated protein kinase |
|
|
Term
| what activates AMP activated protein kinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what inhibits AMP activated protein kinase |
|
Definition
| glucagon and epinepherine |
|
|
Term
| what is AMP activated protein kinase dependent on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates acetyl CoA carboxylase long term |
|
Definition
| prolonged high calorie or carbohydrate diet |
|
|
Term
| wat inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase long term |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of turning acetyl CoA into caeboxylate acetyl |
|
Definition
| provides energy or carbon to carbon condensations in elongation of the FA with the help of decarboxylation |
|
|
Term
| what is the rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many things does fatty acid synthase do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the domains of fatty acid synthase |
|
Definition
| domain for binding 4-phosphopantetheine, acyl carrier protein domain |
|
|
Term
| what occurs at the domain for binding 4-phosphopantetheine |
|
Definition
| it functions as an acyl carrier protein with acyl units on its terminal thiol group during fatty acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what happens at the acyl carrier protein domain |
|
Definition
| acetyl is transferred to it to CYS, malonate is transferred from malonyl CoA to it, acetyl CoA carboxylase adds CO2 to it |
|
|
Term
| what drives reaction between acyl CIS and malonyl CoA on acyl carrier protein |
|
Definition
| CO2 added by acetyl CoA carboxylase |
|
|
Term
| what remains attached to acyl carrier protein domain, what is produced |
|
Definition
| 4 carbon product is attached, 3-ketoacyl is made |
|
|
Term
| what happens for 3-ketoacyl |
|
Definition
| converted to saturated acyl by two reductions using NADPH and dehydration making alcohol |
|
|
Term
| once an alcohol is made in fatty acid synthesis, how is it modified |
|
Definition
| water is removed, double bonds form between carbon 2 and 3, butyryl is made and three terminal carbons are attached to acyl carrier protein by fatty acid synthase |
|
|
Term
| how is a fatty acid elongated |
|
Definition
| repeat actions of fatty acid synthase at transfer of butyryl to CiS at fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| how many carbons are added a round of elongation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many times can a fatty acid be elongated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the product of the actions of fatty acid synthase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to palmitoyl-S-CoA |
|
Definition
| palmitoyl thioesterase cleaves thioester bond making palmitate (16:0) |
|
|
Term
| what happens if we need palmitate to be further elongated |
|
Definition
| palmitate goes to the smoother ER and 2 carbon units are added from malonyl CoA and reduction of NADPH, special enzymes are used for each addition |
|
|
Term
| where in the body are there very long chain fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are fatty acids desaturated |
|
Definition
| smoother ER has desaturases that desaturate long chain FA, introducing CIS usually between C9 and C10 |
|
|
Term
| how is fatty acid stored as TAG |
|
Definition
| esterified via carbonyl group to carbons of glycerol, acid loses its charge forming neutral TAG |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of TAG, what is on each carbon |
|
Definition
carbon 1 is saturated FA
carbon 2 is unsaturated FA
carbon 3 is either |
|
|
Term
| describe the solubility of TAG |
|
Definition
| slightly soluble in water, cannot form micelles independently, can coalesce and form oil drops |
|
|
Term
| what are the building blocks in TAG synthesis |
|
Definition
| glycerol phosphate and acyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of glycerol phosphate in TAG synthesis |
|
Definition
| initial acceptor of activated FA during TAG synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of acyl CoA in TAG sythesis |
|
Definition
| free FA must be converted to activated form |
|
|
Term
| what is the first step in TAG synthesis |
|
Definition
| synthesis of glycerol phosphate backbone |
|
|
Term
| how is glycerol phosphate made in adipose and liver |
|
Definition
| glucolytic path turns glucose into DHAP and DHAP is reduced to glycerol phosphate by glycerol kinase |
|
|
Term
| how is glycerol phosphate made in the liver only |
|
Definition
| glycerol kinase converts free glycerol into glycerol phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what is the second step in TAG synthesis |
|
Definition
| fatty acyl CoA synthase (thiokinases) turn free FA into acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| what attaches FA to backbone in TAG, what must then occur |
|
Definition
| acyl transferase, phosphatase removes phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what is the final step in fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
| acyl transferase adds third FA |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between a chilomicron and a VLDL |
|
Definition
| chilomicron delivers exogenous dietary acquired lipids, VLDL delivers deo novo synthesized lipids |
|
|
Term
| where does NADPH for fatty acid synthesis come from |
|
Definition
| mostly hesosemonoophosphate (HMP) shunt, malate oxidation and decarboxylation by malic enzyme |
|
|
Term
| how does the hexosemonophosphate shunt work |
|
Definition
| G6P DH is rate limiting and irreversible, it uses NADP as a coenzyme acceptor to oxidize G6P |
|
|
Term
| for each hexosemonophosphate shunt round, how many NADPH are made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the malic enzyme do |
|
Definition
| oxidizes and decarboxylates malate to pyruvate, NADP is a coenzyme acceptor to oxidize malate generating NADPH |
|
|
