Term
| What are the monosaccharides we covered? 1 pentose and 5 hexoses. |
|
Definition
5- Ribose
6- Glucose, Dextrose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sugars made of two monosaccharides, linked by O-glycosidic bonds. |
|
|
Term
What are the sugars that compose
sucrose
lactose
maltose |
|
Definition
Sucrose- glucose fructose
lactose- glucose galactose
maltose- glucose glucose |
|
|
Term
| how is maltose created in the body? |
|
Definition
| result of digestion of starch in the intestine by pancreatic amylase. |
|
|
Term
| What is high fructose corn syrup's general makeup? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two polymer forms of starch? |
|
Definition
Amylose (linear, a-1,4)
Amylopectin (branched, a-1,4 and a-1,6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amylopectin polymer from animals that is more densely branched (every 1-0 residues) compared to starch (every 25) It crazy absorbs water. |
|
|
Term
| How can humans access raw starch? |
|
Definition
| cooking it makes it burst the plant cell walls |
|
|
Term
| what is retrograde amylose |
|
Definition
| resistant starch that forms during cooling after cooking, resistant to digestion and ferments causing gas |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of fiber and their descriptions? |
|
Definition
Insoluble- cannot be degraded nor be fermented by colonic bacteria
Soluble- cannot be degraded but can be fermented by colonic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what are the main sites of carbohydrate digestion? |
|
Definition
| Mouth, intestinal lumen (not stomach) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 steps of carb digestion? |
|
Definition
Mouth- salivary a-amylase breaks some a-1,4 bonds
Small Int- pancreatic a-amylase continues the breakdown
Upper Jejunum- several disaccharidases and oligosaccharidases break into monosaccharides
Duodenum and Upper Jejunum absorb monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
| Describe glucose uptake via enterocytes, how does insulin play a role in the process |
|
Definition
Na-glucose (and galactose) symport
it doesn't |
|
|
Term
| Normal water and lactose metabo. |
|
Definition
| Lactose pulls water from cells, lactose broken down to galac and gluc, which are absorbed into the brush border, water follows, no net gain |
|
|
Term
| Abnormal water and lactose metabo. (osmotic diarrhea) |
|
Definition
| Lactose draws water from the enterocytes, lactose isn't degraded and continues with stool, water isn't sufficiently reabsorbed and causes diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme lost in lactose intolerance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reinforces the awefulness of osmotic diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| remaining carbohydrates are fermented by colonic bacteria, makes losts of co2 and h2 gas |
|
|
Term
| What hereditary defect in disaccharide digestion exists in 10% of greenland's eskimos? |
|
Definition
| Isomaltase-sucrase deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is the test carb intolerance, briefly describe |
|
Definition
| Oral sugar tolerance- use individual disaccharides to determine which doesn't jive (what enz missing) intolerance determined by measuring h2 in breath (indicating fermentation) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two resons for monosaccharide osmotic diarrhea? (Fructose malabsorption) |
|
Definition
poor digestion
poor absorption |
|
|
Term
| What two transporters exist for the absorption of fructose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are symptoms of fructose malabsorption manifest? Why? |
|
Definition
| when fructose exceeds glucose, Fructose remains in stool and draws water from enterocytes |
|
|
Term
| Why is malabsorption more than additive when fructose and sorbitol are ingested togetther? |
|
Definition
| they may compete for same transport |
|
|
Term
| What is the RDA for carbs? Why do we have to consume carbs? |
|
Definition
| 130g, absence of carbs leads to ketone body production and degredation of body proteins |
|
|
Term
| Give a few points on the glycemic index |
|
Definition
-proposed to quantify postprandial blood glucose spikes per food
-considers the area under the glucose curve
-higher index=faster spike
-higher fat content, fiber = lower spike |
|
|
Term
| What is the AI for total fiber for men/women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does high fiber reduce gastrointestinal disorders? |
|
Definition
| relieved constipation reduces hemmorhoids, lessens risk for diverticulosis and IBS |
|
|
Term
| how does high fiber reduce cholesterol levels? |
|
Definition
| soluble fiber binds with bile acids (made from chol) and carries it off in stool, the liver must take more from blood to make more bile salt (theoretically) |
|
|
Term
| How does high fiber reduce the risk of diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Soluble fiber slows absorption of glucose from small intestine= tighter control. High fiber foods generally=lower calories |
|
|
Term
| how does high fiber reduce the risk of colon cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does high fiber reduce the risk of obesity? |
|
Definition
| high bulk=more chewing time=full signal sooner=not overeating. Gell from fiber makes small meal feel larger and linger longer (ha). Generally high fiber=low cal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| essential constituents in food needed for life and health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrients needed in large amounts (CLP) to provide E, EFA, EAA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamins and minerals needed in small Qs |
|
|
Term
| What are the four DRIs? (Dietary Reference Intakes) |
|
Definition
EAR-Estimated average requirement (inadequacy at 50% pop)
RDA-Recomm. Dietary Allowance (inadq 2-3%)
AI-Adequate Intake
UL- Upper Limit |
|
|
Term
| What is the formulation for RDA? |
|
Definition
| the EAR plus two standard deviations (to meet 97-98% of pop) |
|
|
Term
| How does one determin if he/she is getting the RDA? |
|
Definition
| take the average over a few-several days |
|
|
Term
| What is the RDA for Ascorbic Acid in Men, Women, and smokers? |
|
Definition
75mg/day women
90mg/day men
+35 for smokers |
|
|
Term
| What are the two overreaching concepts behind the Dietary guidelines? |
|
Definition
maintain calorie balance over a period of time
Consume nutrient dense foods and bevs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of nutrient density? |
|
Definition
| nutrients provided/ kilocalorie of food |
|
|
Term
| What is the daily intake E range for the three macronutrients? |
|
Definition
Protein 10-35%
Carbs 45-65%
Fat 20-35% |
|
|
Term
| What are the kcal/g for the three macronutrients and EtOH? |
|
Definition
Carb-4
Protein-4
Fat-9
EtOH-7 |
|
|
Term
| what percent of the calories consumed goes to produce ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of the calories consumed goes to produce heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is direct calorimetry? |
|
Definition
| Measures heat given off by an individual in a closed environmental chamber |
|
|
Term
| what is indirect clorimetry? |
|
Definition
| mesuring o2 consumption (most human heat is result of oxidation rxn), or measure o2 consumed and co2 produced |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sections of metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
RMR
MET (physical activity)
TEF (Thermic effect of food) |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the largest portion of our total daily expenditure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the top three organs/systems contributing to RMR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RMR is proportional to what physical characteristic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All non-fat body components |
|
|
Term
| What are the two arbitrary divisions of physical activity? |
|
Definition
| Exercise, NEAT (Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ratio of the metabolic rate of the active individual to the rate fo the fasting individual at rest (metabolic equivalent) |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate a MET for an activity? |
|
Definition
Met value X Kg X hours
1lb=2.2Kg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thermic Effect of Food, difference bt postprandial metabolic rate and RMR (increase induced by eating) |
|
|
Term
| TEF makes up what percent of daily caloric intake? Which macronutirent increases the MR the largest? |
|
Definition
10%
Protein-Urea synthesis
Carbs increase bc of absorption and glycogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the simplest way to calculate a persons EER? |
|
Definition
| RMR+ physical activity+ TEF |
|
|
Term
| EER- What is the simplest formula for calculating the RMR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EER- What's the percent scale for physical activity calculation? |
|
Definition
sedentary-20
lightly active-30
moderately active-40
Very Active- 50
Extremely active- 60 |
|
|
Term
| EER- what's the simplest way to calculate TEF? |
|
Definition
| (RMR + Physical Activity) x .10 |
|
|
Term
| What accounts for the decreased RMR in women relative to men? |
|
Definition
| women have on average 10% more body fat, or 10% less LBM than men of the same ht/wt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the difference between energy intake and expenditure
Positive- wt gain
negative- wt loss |
|
|
Term
| What are the ABCDs of Nutritional Assessment? |
|
Definition
Anthropometric
Biochemical Parameters
Clinical Eval
Diet history |
|
|
Term
| How does Adult Ht indicate a society's well being? |
|
Definition
| Adult ht reflects environmental factors that increase or decrease nutrient intake during growth spurts |
|
|
Term
| What are the three growth spurts? |
|
Definition
Infancy
bt 6-8 yrs
Adolescence |
|
|
Term
| What are the results in an iodine deficeincy during adolescence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Variation within a pop is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the single most significant measurement of nutritional status? |
|
Definition
| Weight change over time as a percentage. Unexplained loss of 10% or more may be considered malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| What are the calculations for Ideal Body Wt? IBW? |
|
Definition
Male- 106lb + (6lb/inch over 5') +- 10%
Male- 100lb +- (5lb/inch over/below 5') +- 10% |
|
|
Term
| According to IBW what is underweight or obese? |
|
Definition
Under<85% IBW
Obese>120% IBW |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for BMI (metric and english) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occording to BMI what is Caucasian Underweight and Obese? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major issues with measuring and using BMI? |
|
Definition
-measures excess wt not fat
-doesn't account for gender
-Not universals per ethnicity |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between BMI and % body fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BMI cutoffs represent what? |
|
Definition
| Cutoffs based on disease risk. |
|
|
Term
| What are the gold standard for Body Fat Assesment? |
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic weighing and DXA |
|
|
Term
| Explain Bioelectric Imepdance Analysis |
|
Definition
| measurement of body water compartment using electric current, fat resists current b/c low water content. >Fat=>resistance |
|
|
Term
| Why is triceps skinfold thickness a plausible test for body fat content? |
|
Definition
| 50-80% of adipose tissue is subcutaneous, thicker fold=more fat. better determined with multiple spots |
|
|
Term
| What are the two fat distribution ratios considered in fat assesment? |
|
Definition
Waist to hip
wasit circumference |
|
|
Term
| Testosterone and estrogen favor what fat deposition patterns, respectively? |
|
Definition
abdominal fat
gliuteofemoral |
|
|
Term
| What is the risk of central obesity? (apple shape) |
|
Definition
| 2fold greater risk of hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, Cardiovas disease |
|
|
Term
| How do risks differ for pear shaped women than apple men? |
|
Definition
| they have to weigh 20lbs more to show the same risks as apple men |
|
|
Term
| What's different about abdominal fat cells? |
|
Definition
| they are larger and more metabolically active, men lose wt in abdominal fat first |
|
|
Term
| Visceral obesity for men and women can be classified by waist inches, what are the limits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Waist to hip ratio, what is the high/risk ratio for men and women? |
|
Definition
simple- ratio.
men>1
women>.86 (women allowed 14% bigger hips) |
|
|
Term
| What attributes most to any change in lean mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two compartments for body protein? |
|
Definition
Somatic
Visceral (prealbumin, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Biochemical Markers- how do you test for thiamin deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Measure ertythrocyte transketolase activity with and without added thiamin. If results increase >25% when adding thiamin = deficiency. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Subjective Global Assesment? |
|
Definition
| A clinical assesment of a person's nutrition, a few questions including dietary/wt history, no biggie, can be done quickly. |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 conditions that increase a patient's risk of developing a nutiritional deficiency? |
|
Definition
MADD-L
Malabsorption
Alcoholism
Dental Disease
Drug Use
Living Alone (sad but true) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in type of metabolism between Type I, II and IIx M fibers? |
|
Definition
Slow-oxidative
Fast- Oxidative glycolitic
Lightning-Glycolytic |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in the fuel type between Type I, II and IIx M fibers? |
|
Definition
TAG
CrP, Glycogen
CrP, Glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in level of myoglobin between Type I, II and IIx M fibers? |
|
Definition
High (red)
Middle (pink)
Low (white) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in mitochondria levels between Type I, II and IIx M fibers? |
|
Definition
High (50% cell vol)
Not as High, but High
Low |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in capillary densities between Type I, II and IIx M fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in fiber sizes between Type I, II and IIx M fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in duration of use between Type I, II and IIx M fibers? |
|
Definition
Hours (fatigue resistant)
<30 min
<5 min |
|
|
Term
| Three random facts in notes concerning M ATP, Heart ATP consumption/Production |
|
Definition
M only has 3 seconds worth of atp at max contraction
1min of heartbeat = total atp consumption x3
heart produces 8-11lbs of ATP daily |
|
|
Term
| ATP production can increase flawlessly up to __fold to match consumption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic metabolism produces how many moles ATP/min and has what duration length? |
|
Definition
| 2.5Mole/min for 1.3-1.6 min |
|
|
Term
| Immediate ATP (ATP,CrP, and Adenylate Kinase) produces how many moles ATP/min and has what duration length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerobic metabolism produces how many moles ATP/min and has what duration lenght? |
|
Definition
| 1Mol/min unlimited (as long as nutrients last) |
|
|
Term
| What is Adenosine Nucleotide Translocator (ANT,) km, mechanism? |
|
Definition
| transport protein that moves ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, low Km for ADP, Antiport (one in for each ATP out) |
|
|
Term
| What does Creatine kinase do? |
|
Definition
catalyzes the reversible transfer fo high energy phosphate to and from creatine.
Cr+ATP=CrP+ADP |
|
|
Term
| How do CrP and Creatine Kinase isonezymes work together? |
|
Definition
| They help maintain an energy shuttle between ATP production sites and ATP consumption sites |
|
|
Term
| What do the mitochondrial CK do? |
|
Definition
| combine ATP and Cr to make ADP and CrP |
|
|
Term
| What do M-band or SERCA CK do? |
|
Definition
| Remove P from CrP and add it to ADP to make ATP and Cr |
|
|
Term
| What causes dramatic increases in blood Creatine Kinase? |
|
Definition
| Microtears in M sacrolemmae |
|
|
Term
| Creatine Kinase is present in both fiber types (I and II) but it is more important in which type? Why,why not the other? |
|
Definition
| II, they have fewer mitochondria, CK allows for atp generation in regions of cell with fewer mito. Less important in I b/c good distribution of mito. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Adenylate kinase (myokinase) in the M cells? |
|
Definition
| During exercise ATP levels drop and ADP, AMP increases. AK combines two ADP to make ATP and AMP, Rxn controlled by level of ADP |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of type II fibers having low levels of hexokinase? |
|
Definition
prevents using too much glucose
forces to use glycogenolysis for G6P for anaerobic glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| Where is glycogen stored in the M |
|
Definition
| in granules close to the I band |
|
|
Term
| Draw the AMP map for glycogenolysis and anaerobic glycolysis |
|
Definition
| compare with slide 12,13,14 from MM |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 AMP degredation products? how do they promote ATP production and/or perfusion? |
|
Definition
Adenosine-Promotes vasodilation
Pi-required for ATp production, glycogenolysis, glycolysis
Ammonia-activates PFK1 by buffering hydrogen ions, M forms glutamine w/ammonia |
|
|
Term
| What activates AMPK, "the fuel gauge of the cell"? What inhibits it? |
|
Definition
increased AMP levels from exercise,
Inhibited by insulin and high levels of glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is AMPKs two prong strategy for increasing cellular ATP? |
|
Definition
inhibit pathways that consume ATP (glycogen synthase)
Activates pathways that produce ATP (NO synthase, MitoGenesis, Sarc Glut4 insertion, activate GlycogenPase, activate FAbetaox) |
|
|
Term
| AMPK inibits ACC-2 but activates MCoADC, both reduce malonyl coA levels, but which one,in particular, activates CPT-1? |
|
Definition
| the removal of malonyl CoA by MCoADC |
|
|
Term
| What can supplement muscle glycogen during exercise despite the low levels of hexokinase? |
|
Definition
| Blood, contains 5g glucose, can support moderate running for 2-3 mins. |
|
|
Term
| What 2 processes maintain glood glucose levels from which organ (during intense exercise)? |
|
Definition
| Low ins, high epi= glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis via the liver |
|
|
Term
| What are two important precursors for gluconeogensis during exercise? |
|
Definition
lactate from anaerobic glycolysis
glycerol from lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| What does the Cori cycle do? |
|
Definition
| Regenerates glucose from lactate. M to liver cycle |
|
|
Term
| When are FFAs the preferred fuel in M? |
|
Definition
| in resting M, when fasting, postpradial state uses glucose, and in prolonged exercise |
|
|
Term
| What does "hitting the wall" represent physiologically? |
|
Definition
| when an idnividual depletes muscle glycogen and can no longer keep the TCA cycle primed |
|
|
Term
| What fuel increases as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does energy normall come from in the transition from rest to exercise? |
|
Definition
| normally glycogenolysis and anaerobic glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| after 10-15 min of exercise, induced increase in blood flow from ? results in aerobic metabolism of ?? |
|
Definition
Increases in NO and adenosine
Fatty acids mostly, blood glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycogen phoshporylase is defective which prevents normal transition from anaerobic to aerobic glycolysis. Brief intense exercise, or less intense sustained exercise causes muscular pain. |
|
|
Term
| Endurance training increases the capacity for aerobic fatty acid metabolism via what 3 mech? |
|
Definition
increases LPL levels
Increases M FAT (uptakes FFAs)
Increases (up to 5x) mitochondria in skeletal M |
|
|
Term
| What spares M glycogen in trained individuals when exercising? |
|
Definition
| they have an increased capacity for fat oxidation from the 3 mechanisms gained from endurance training |
|
|
Term
| Resistance training increases what two carachteristics of M fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart is primarily an aerobic tissue, what are the major fuel substrates? |
|
Definition
| FFAs (60-80%) glucose and lactate (20-40) |
|
|
Term
| What does the heart rely on as a fuel during hypoxia? |
|
Definition
| glycogen and anaerobic glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| Describe metabo in heart after high carb meal |
|
Definition
| high insulin=glut4 translocation=glucose uptake=glycogen synthesis, activated PFK2, increase malonyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Describe metabo in heart during fasting state |
|
Definition
| increase FFA uptake=increase BOx= low malonyl CoA, low glycolytic flux, high NADH=PDHC inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Describe metabo in heart during exercise |
|
Definition
| Exercise activates AMPK, +epi=PFK2 active= F2,6BP active= glycolysis active= increasing lactate= decreased carnitine shuttle= decreased BOx= Lactate is major fuel. |
|
|
Term
| What organ has the highest levels of LPL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 ROS non-radicals, and 3 radicals discussed in lecture? |
|
Definition
non= singlet Oxygen, H2O2
Radical=superoxide, hydroxyl, nitric oxide (most reactive) |
|
|
Term
| what does complex IV do that involves radicals? |
|
Definition
| It holds partially reduced oxygen molecules in place while collecting electrons, one at a time, from cyt C. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Q Cycle's involvment in ROS? |
|
Definition
| The Q cycle is the intersection of complex 1, 2, and 3 with the membrane electron carrier coQ (ubiquinone), if flow of e's is interrupted at coQ they will jump off and happily join O to make ROS Superoxides |
|
|
Term
| ROS are continuously fomred as byproducts of what 4 common reactions? |
|
Definition
oxidative metabo
Rxn with Metal Ions
Rxn with Drugs
Rxn with environmental toxins (Ozone O3) |
|
|
Term
| Why does ROS production normally correlate positively with energy production? |
|
Definition
| the Mitochondria makes ~90% of ROS |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen reacting with heme-bound iron makes what in RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Superoxides can react with any agent to make H2O2 which can react with free ferrous iron to make hydroxyl radicals.
Fe2+ + H2O2 = Fe3+ + OH- + OHRadical |
|
|
Term
| What is the radiation radical equation? |
|
Definition
| 2H2O= H3o +e' + OHRadical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme in the membrane of phagolysosomes that catalyzes the rapid formation fo superoxide radicals from plain O2 in a respiratory burst. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme in neutrophils that catlyzes the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) a powerful antibacterial, from H2O2 and HCL |
|
|
Term
| What is Chronic granulomatous diseas? |
|
Definition
| a rare deficiency of NADPH oxidase, patients suffer severe, persistent bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
| What is oxidative stress? |
|
Definition
| imalance b/t ROS production and mechanisms to reuce them. |
|
|
Term
| What has been labeled the "biological bullet" |
|
Definition
| Hydroxyl radical OH. It hits any available target |
|
|
Term
| What is Lipid peroxidation |
|
Definition
| ROS remove a H from C=C bond, forms radical, radical reacts with O2 forming peroxide radical, peroxide radical reacts with other nearby fatty acids (chain rxn) 1:100s of converted fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the phospholipid after lipid peroxidation chain reaction? |
|
Definition
| can insert into membranes b/c now hydrophylic, this creates leaking, loss of fluidity, potential cell death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superoxide dismutase, found in cytosol, mito, extracellular; complexed with metal ions (cu, mn, zn). Malfunction in SOD gene correlated with ALS |
|
|
Term
| What are Catalase and Glutathione peroxidase? what is the rxn? where are they found? |
|
Definition
both convert 2H2O2 into 2H2O and O2
Cat- contains heme, usually in peroxisome,
Glut-requires selenium (recycleed by Glutathione reductase) |
|
|
Term
| What are hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine? |
|
Definition
| products of they hydroxylation of residues by ascorbic acid during collagen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C plays a part in the synthesis of what three molecules? vague, I know. |
|
Definition
| Carnitine, norepi, bile acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vit C deficiency
we know symptoms
3mo w/o fresh fruit or veggies
prevent w/ 10mg of vitC/day |
|
|
Term
| What is the RDA for vitamin C in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active form of Vit E, reduces ROS to quinone intermediates, can be regenerated by vit C |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of vit E deficiency? Very rare, restricted to premies or defective lipid absorption |
|
Definition
| peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy |
|
|
Term
| What is the RDA for vie E in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trace mineral, Selenocystine requred for GlutathionePerox,excessive levels=hair and nail brittleness, garlic odor and CNS abnormalities, available in animal products. |
|
|
Term
| How do carotenoids neutralize free radicals? |
|
Definition
| they take on unpaired electrons, wich are then stabilized by conjugated double bonds (uncertain if works in vivo) |
|
|
Term
| Do antioxidants reduce the risk of cancer? |
|
Definition
| Diets high in antioxidants MAY reduce the risk of cancer but antioxidant supplments have shown no effect. |
|
|
Term
| Why can't we live off vitamin supplements and the dews of the universe? |
|
Definition
| ther is a complex interplay between vit, min, and dietary macromolecules that no supplment or combo can duplicate. |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-modifiable risk factors for CHD? |
|
Definition
Age; Men>45, Women>55
Family history of HD =MI<55 men, 65 women |
|
|
Term
| What are the five modifiable risk factors for CHD (non-lipid) in lecture? |
|
Definition
Physical Inactivity, Smoking, Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes
PISHOD |
|
|
Term
| Lipid Modifiable risk factors in CHD |
|
Definition
High Chol>200mg
Low HDL<40 |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary features of Metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
Central obesity and at least one of
fasting gluc >100mg
TAG>150
HDL-C<40,50 (him,her)
Hypertension
this equals insulin resistance (perty much) |
|
|
Term
| What are the borderline risk, and increased risk serum levels for CHD? |
|
Definition
200-239=boderline risk
>240= increased risk |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol levels >300 almost always have a major component of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fatty acids are the most atherogenic? |
|
Definition
| Medium chain (lauric and Myristic) FAs |
|
|
Term
| What are dietary sources of SatFAs |
|
Definition
Milk/products, red meat, coconut/palm oils.
SFAs should be ,7% daily caloric intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trans fatty acids, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, increased shelf life, Increase LDLs, Lower HDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saturated fats, increase LDLs, No effect on HDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids, decrease Serum LDL, increase LDL receptors. Found in seed oils, walnuts, soybean oils. Keep to <10% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, Serum and LDL decreas, no change to HDL, found in Olive, Canola, Safflower oils. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of fatty fish? |
|
Definition
SMASH
Salmon, Mackerel, anchovies, sardines, herring |
|
|
Term
| Compare omega6 to omega3 prostaglandins |
|
Definition
6-vasoconstrictive, platelet proaggregatory, proarrhytmic prostaglandins
3- vasodilatory, non-throbotic, less proarrhytmic |
|
|
Term
| What is the current ratio of omega3 to omega6 fatty acids in america? What is the goal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are stanols/sterols and how can they be beneficial? |
|
Definition
| similar in structure to chol, found in plants, compete with cholesterol for a place in micelle, chol not incorporated exits in stool. Only effective if taken w/meal |
|
|
Term
| Why do nuts lower chol even though they have high mono and polyunsaturated fat levels? |
|
Definition
| Nuts also contain a ton of protein, fiber (soluble, which reduces chol), Vit (E, folate) adn Minerals. Some are rockin' the omega threes as well. |
|
|
Term
| how does soluble fiber decrease serum cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| Fiber interfers with absorption of dietary and biliary cholesteral and the reabsorption of bile salts, b/c of the reduced reabsorption/absorption the liver must pull from serum for bile salt synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the correlation b/t CHD and cholesterol decreases? Weight and chol levels? |
|
Definition
| CHD risk decreas by 2% for every 1mg decrease in serum chol. 10% loss in body weigh =~ 12mg decrease in serum cholesterol= 25% reduction in risk. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two complexes of water soluble vitamin? |
|
Definition
Non B (vit C)
B (1,2,3,12,6, Biotin, PA, FA) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins listed in lecture? |
|
Definition
A (retinol, Bcarotenes)
D (Cholecalciferol)
E (-quinones)
K (tocopherols) |
|
|
Term
| Water soluble vitamins have generally common food sources, animal products and fruits/veggies, What are the two exceptions? |
|
Definition
c- fruit only
b12 (cobalmin)- animal only |
|
|
Term
| compare water soluble and fat soluble absorption mech |
|
Definition
Water- specific membrane transporters
fat- need to be incorporated into mixed micelles |
|
|
Term
| fat malabsorption can cause deficiency of what vitamins? |
|
Definition
Fat ones
AEK, not D, b/c can be synthesized by body |
|
|
Term
| Compare excess vitamin quanitities for water and fat soluble |
|
Definition
water- generally non-tox, limit on C, B6, Folate, B6
Fat- Toxic other than K |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins will be readily found in the urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two water soluble vitamins does the body store? where are the two places fat soluble are stored? |
|
Definition
No water stores (some b12,6)
Fat- Liver (A), Adipose (D,E) |
|
|
Term
| What is the general role for alcoholism and vitamins? |
|
Definition
| decreases absorption, but "under nutrition and an increase demand of vitamins (Bs) due to inc. carb. metabo. from ethanol and inc. excretion" from slide |
|
|
Term
| What does milling remove, how do food companies compensate? |
|
Definition
removes bran and germ (lose fiber, vit. min.)
Enrichment-replacing lost nut.
Fortified- add nutrients that werent' originally there. |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins listed in lecture will have adverse effects if taken in high doses? |
|
Definition
DANCE BoyFriend
D, A, Niacin, C, E, B6, Folate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thiamine deficiency disorder that results in extreme weakness, thiamin def. comes from diet high in white rice or flower. |
|
|
Term
| What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
|
Definition
Symptoms: eye paralysis, ataia, memory loss
Cause: person genetically succeptible and recent thaimine deficiency (generally alcoholism) |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
|
Definition
| 100mg thiamine, response in several hours (gotta make some ATP) |
|
|
Term
| Riboflavin is used to form what two coenzymes, and where is it found in diet? |
|
Definition
riboFLAVIN= Fad, Fmn
milk and products |
|
|
Term
| Niacin is used to form what two Energy Carriers? Where can humans get it? |
|
Definition
NIACIN= NAD+. NADP
humans can make up to 2/3 of it from tryp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4Ds from niacin deficiency (low tryp levels also) Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein where niacin is biologically unavailable becasuse it is covalently linked to lysine residues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme in the small intestine that hydrolyzes dietary biocytin and freeing biotin. Biotinidase deficiency is screened in all AZ newborns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat labile protein in egg white, can bind biotin and prevent its absorption. Eat 24 raw eggs a day for half a year and you'll have a biotin deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What B vits are involved in hematopoiesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methyl group donor, has to monoglutamate folate for absorption, comes in green leafy veggies. |
|
|
Term
| What can result from folate deficiencies? |
|
Definition
Megaloblastic anemia
spina bifida and anencephaly in dev. fetuses (multifactorial) |
|
|
Term
| Whats the folate cancer catch 22? |
|
Definition
| too little increases risk of colon and breast cancer, too much increases risk of colorectal cancer |
|
|
Term
| Who are at risk for b12 deficiency? Where does it come from? |
|
Definition
vegans
meat, made by bacteria (intestinal?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to B12 during absorption, secreted by salivary glands, binds to B12 in stomach |
|
|
Term
Describe B12 absorption
Mouth, Stomach, Duodenum, Ileum, Portal Blood |
|
Definition
| dietary b12 bound to proteins, salivary glands secrete R-binder, goes to stomach where glands secrete Intrinsic Factor and Pepsinogen is activated to release B12 from proteins. Now RBinder binds. In pancrease proteases degrade rbinder, b12 binds to IF/B12. In Ileum- complex binds to IF Receptor on cells, transfers b12 to PBlood. PBlood-B12 binds with Tanscobalamin II (its carrier protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vitamin B12's carrier protein |
|
|
Term
| What is Intrinsic Factor's role in B12 absorption? |
|
Definition
| Released in Stomach, binds to b12 in duodenum, cells in ileum have IF/B12 receptors that take them in |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to deplete vit b12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyridoxal Phosphate si a coenzyme for what two enzymes? what is their role? |
|
Definition
| ALA-S1, S2, both are rate limiting enzyme for heme biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is sideroblastic anemia? what causes it? |
|
Definition
| B6 deficiency, inability to synthesize heme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport and storage form of vitamin A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a component of rhodopsin and is important for vision |
|
|
Term
| why is Vit A important for reproduction |
|
Definition
| Precursors for retinol and retinal: spermatogenesis in male and and prevents fetal resorption in female |
|
|
Term
| what is retinyl phosphate |
|
Definition
| colecule necessary for synehtsis of mucus components in the eye, GI and lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a homrmone that binds tot he nuclear receptor, inhibits the expression of keratin, keeps crystal clear cornea! |
|
|
Term
| what are early symptoms of vitA deficiency? servere? |
|
Definition
night blindness, hyperkeratosis
Xeropthalmia (most common blindness worldwide) |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K is required for what processes? |
|
Definition
| Terminal carboxylation of glutamate residues in clotting factors 7,9,10,2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the method for Ca absorption in the three parts of the small intestine? Large? |
|
Definition
D-Trans 5-10%
J-Para 5-10%
I-Para 80%
Colon- Para 10% |
|
|
Term
| What three molecules can chelate calcium and reduce absorption? |
|
Definition
| Pytates (grains, legumes), Polyphenols (tea, coff), Oxalate (spinach) |
|
|
Term
| Increased Ca demand does what to absorption efficiency? |
|
Definition
| increases absorption (duh) Aging decreases efficiency. |
|
|
Term
| What is vitamin D independent Ca absorption? |
|
Definition
paracellular- diffusion based
humans cant increase paracellular when ca low in diet, utilize by breaking up ca supplement doses |
|
|
Term
| What is the reason that lowering colon pH by fermentation of prebiotics increases calcium solubility? |
|
Definition
| Lower pH protonates phosphate so it can't bind to the ca in food, which it prefers to do. |
|
|
Term
| When does transecullar absorption play the biggest role? |
|
Definition
| When dietary calcium is low (paracellular takes up when dietary is high) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vit D, Active form 1,25(OH)2D3,
it controls apical membrane Ca channels, calbindin, ATPase and NA/Ca exchanger |
|
|
Term
| How does vit d play a role in transcellular absorption? |
|
Definition
| Vit D binds VDR (a transcription factor, complex binds to nuclear DNA, incrases transcription of factors it controls |
|
|
Term
what are
TRPV5/6
PMCA1b
NCX1 |
|
Definition
apical membrane ca channels (5intestines, 6kidneys)
Pmembrane Ca ATPase (active transport)
Na/Ca exchanger (2ndary transport) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps to transcellular ca absorption? |
|
Definition
enters cell via TRPV5/6
calbindin binds
PMCA1b and/or NCX1 kicks it out into portal blood. |
|
|
Term
| What precursor to vit D is made in skin and how is it catalyzed to vit D? |
|
Definition
| 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted via a nonenzymatic reaction catalyzed by UVlight. |
|
|
Term
| After the skin what hydroxylates vit D to an active form? in liver and kidney? |
|
Definition
Liver- via hydroxylase enzymes to calcidiol
Kidney- via 25(OH)D3-1a-hydroxylase into calcitriol. |
|
|
Term
| What mobilizes ca stores from bone as a result of dicrease plasma ca levels? |
|
Definition
| PTH combined with 1,25(OH)2D3 |
|
|
Term
| What increases intestinal absorbition of dietary Ca as a result of decreased plasma ca levels? |
|
Definition
| 1,25(OH)2D3 alone, however this is activated via the PTH secreted as the result of decreased calcium levels |
|
|
Term
| What increases kidney reabsorbition of dietary Ca as a result of decreased plasma ca levels? |
|
Definition
| PTH combined with 1,25(OH)2D3, mainly in the proximal convoluted tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcium in the urine due to increased levels of na competing for the same resorption mechanism. only happens if ca homeostasis is compromised and ONLY with salt NACL |
|
|
Term
| What counteracts the effect of NaCl on urinary calcium? |
|
Definition
| Potassium citrate, facilitates resoprtion |
|
|
Term
| what is normal BMD? Osteopenia, Osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Normal Tscore>-1
Penia Tscore -1 to -2.5
Porosis Tscore <-2.5 |
|
|
Term
| What is senescene-related bone loss? |
|
Definition
| age related bone loss in bot sexes |
|
|
Term
| What supplements increase bone density and decrease fracture rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| softeing or weakening of bones due to lack of vit D in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is osteogenesis imperfecta? |
|
Definition
| usually deficient or defective collage, leading to brittle bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to waste away (skin and bones, chronic not acute) |
|
|
Term
| What is repletion heart failure in refeeding syndrome? |
|
Definition
| heart atrophies during fast, sudden spike in calories increases RMR and plasma= overwork heart. increased insulin can lead to arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| What is hypophosphatemia in refeeding syndrome? |
|
Definition
| low phosphorus with sudden glycolysis spike leaves none for ATP and 2,3BPG synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What does Kwashiorkor mean and what are the two principle factors? |
|
Definition
disease of the child displaced from the mothers breast
1-insufficient protein
2-Acute Onset triggered by infection or parasites (increases RMR, Increases E and Protein needs= futile) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 major symptoms of kwashiorkor related to a lack of dietary protein? |
|
Definition
edema- low albumin
Decreased immune function
Poor wound healing (alternating hyperpigmentation)
hair changes (alternating color bands)
Fatty liver |
|
|
Term
| Explain fatty liver resulting from Insulin resistance of Kwashiorkor |
|
Definition
Ins resistance= increase in lipolysis= more TAG.
not enough protein to repackage as VLDL ApoB100=TAG remain in liver |
|
|
Term
| When do you give a Cachexia pt. parenteral nutrition? |
|
Definition
| only if they are going to die of starvation before they die of the disease |
|
|
Term
| Why is enteral nutrition preferred? |
|
Definition
use it or lose it (intestines)
food stimulates release of hormones that maintain normal intestine and use reduces colonic bacteria infection |
|
|
Term
| When should you use a PEG tube? |
|
Definition
| enteral feedings for longer than 2 weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Total is in large vein, hypertonic
Peripheral is isotonic and in peripheral vein |
|
|
Term
| Nursing releases what hormones and what do they do? |
|
Definition
Prolactin- stimulates milk production
oxytocin- stimulates milk release |
|
|
Term
| Why is it beneficial that infants have insufficient lactase to digest all the lactose in breast milk? |
|
Definition
it is fermented in the bowel by lactobacillus reducing colonic pH.
low pH inhibts pathogenic bacteria
lactobacillus crowds out other path bacteria
low pH icnreases solubility of calcium and increases availability |
|
|
Term
| What two components make up 92% of calories in human milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does infant lingual and gastric lipase act so well on mammary lipids in milk? |
|
Definition
Short and medium chain TAGs easily hydrolized and don't require bile salts
(lingual lipases act in the stomach b/c of pH optimum) |
|
|
Term
| Why are EFAs in breast milk important? |
|
Definition
Breast milk has 7x cow
needed for neurodevelopment
High omega 3s for CNS and retina (cant elongate linoleic and lenolenic yet) |
|
|
Term
| Proteins account for what % of calories in human milk and what two classes are they? |
|
Definition
7%
Casein- precipitates in acid,makes curds, slows gastric emptying
Whey-remain in solution, forms micelles with calcium increasing bioavailability |
|
|
Term
| what does breast milk contain to provide immune benefits? |
|
Definition
macrophages and other WBCs
Growth modulators that stimulate the maturation of the baby's gut so it is less vulnerable to microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd most abundant whey protein in breast milk, chelates iron to prevent bacteria from growing |
|
|
Term
| What to ImmunoglobulinA's do when they are in breast milk. |
|
Definition
| they work ni the lumen of the infant's GI tract to kill specific microbes in the baby's environment (mind the lag) |
|
|
Term
| What is a breast milk HMO? |
|
Definition
| Oligosaccharide that are attached to lactose. include bifidus factor (for lactoB growth) adn others that bind to bacteria (rather than bacteria binding to enterocyte) |
|
|
Term
| compare the minerals in human vs cows milk |
|
Definition
| cows have an insane quantity of calcium, phosphorus, sodium and 2x as much iron |
|
|
Term
| What three "flavors" can infants detect? |
|
Definition
sweet, sour, and umami
salty and bitter comes at 4mo |
|
|
Term
| what are the main changes to cows milk to make formula? |
|
Definition
replace butterfat w/oils
add lactose
reduce Na,K, Ca, P |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in cows milk iron vs human? what is used in formula to increase bioavailability? |
|
Definition
More bioavailable although 1/2 the content.
FerrousSulfate, VitC |
|
|
Term
| When should Soy formula be prescribed? |
|
Definition
intolerable to whole cows milk
galactosemia
intolerable to lactose |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of lactose intolerance? |
|
Definition
Primary-congenital (rare)
Secondary- Adult onset (transitory) |
|
|
Term
| What has to be added to premie formula? why? |
|
Definition
| glucose, they don't have enough lactase, and it has to be more dense b/c of small stomachs |
|
|
Term
| what is the biggest problem of maternal undernutrition? |
|
Definition
| It restricts fetal blood volume to carry nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what glucose transporters are present in the pacenta? |
|
Definition
| GLUT1, 3, not insuline dependent, low Km for glucose |
|
|
Term
| The placental barrier allows for transfer of what 5 elements of blood to the fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones does the placenta secrete that have anti isulin effects? |
|
Definition
TNFa
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
Prolactin |
|
|
Term
| What is the design of insulin resistance in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| glucose levels are high enough that the fetus gets fed prefferentially with its 1 and 3 transporters. intensifies in 3rd tri. |
|
|
Term
| What does insulin resistance in pregnancy increase and decrease |
|
Definition
incrases blood glucose, ketogenesis, FA mobilization (for fetus) and oxidation (for mother)
Decreases maternal glucose uptake and utilization (mom uses FAoxidation) |
|
|
Term
| what is the calculation for how much weight should be gained during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Talk about the Developmental Origins of human Disease Hypothesis |
|
Definition
Starve a fetus starve the child (or will get fat)
Fat fetus reduce calories for child also (or will get fat)
LBW = fewer cells=lower function
maternal obesity=macrosomia |
|
|
Term
| Low birth weight is associated with excess weight gain at what point in a child's life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the risk of neural tube defects in children to obese mothers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maternal Iron absorption increases up to 50% during gestation, why? |
|
Definition
maternal transferrin is internalized in placenta (HUGE surface area for iron absorption)
Fetus uptakes iron whether or not the mother has enough
RDA is doubled |
|
|
Term
| What is DHA, why is it important during gestation? |
|
Definition
DHA is a long chain omega 3 fatty acid, it is the msot abundant fatty acid in phosphlipids of the cerebal gray matter.
Important for neurological dev. and higher IQ scores.
Mom low= baby low (DHA levels that is) |
|
|
Term
| Why is the RDA for calcium increased during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
its NOT!!! hahaha
absorption efficiency increases and RDA is usually enough |
|
|
Term
| What prevents bone Ca resorption during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
absorption efficiency increases and RDA is usually enough
Estrogen protects from too much bone loss |
|
|
Term
| Why must women taking Accutane and other synthetic retinoids use birth control? |
|
Definition
Excess vit A can be teratogenic during the first mo of pregnancy,
abortion, retardation, micrognathia/otia
cleft palate, cns malformations, etc |
|
|
Term
| what is zinc's role during pregnancy. RDA is increased by 35% |
|
Definition
| it is required by many enzymes including DNA pol, and is part of DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell division |
|
|
Term
| Why is maternal smoking bad? |
|
Definition
decreses fetal nutrition via vasoconstriction. ~10% reduction in O2 carrying capacity.
15% of preterm births to smokers
Incresed child obesity (starve fetus= starve child, or they get fat) |
|
|
Term
| Binge drinking or day to day drinking when pregnant? |
|
Definition
| neither preferably, but binge is worse than day to day. |
|
|
Term
| what are some prominent abnormalities in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Face (micrognathia, think upper lip, flat midface)
small head, abnormal limbs
CNS problems |
|
|
