Life is thermodynamically possible because living things:

* reproduce themselves.

* release heat to the environment.

* increase the degree of order in the universe.

* can carry out a chain of reactions that is energetically unfavorable.

* carry out energetically favorable reactions only.

Life is thermodynamically possible because living things:  

* release heat to the environment.

Properties of water that render it so suited to its role as a medium of life include all EXCEPT:

* Unrivaled ability to form hydrogen bonds.

* Unparalleled ability to orient around nonpolar solutes to promote hydrophobic interactions.  

* Unusually high dielectric constant of water explains water’s ability to surround ions and increase the ions’ attraction for one another.

* The small, but significant, tendency to form H+ and OH- ions.

* None, all are true.

Properties of water that render it so suited to its role as a medium of life include all EXCEPT:

* Unusually high dielectric constant of water explains water’s ability to surround ions and increase the ions’ attraction for one another.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?
* An enzyme can bind to many structurally unrelated substrates.
* Catalysis of an energetically unfavorable reaction by an enzyme will enable that reaction to occur.

* An enzyme can direct a molecule along a particular reaction pathway.
* An enzyme can catalyze many chemically different reactions.
* Enzymes are permanently altered after catalyzing a reaction.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct? 

*  Catalysis of an energetically unfavorable reaction by an enzyme will enable that reaction to occur.

Which of the following is NOT a crucial benefit of using enzymes to catalyze biological reactions?

* Enzymes are highly selective in which reactions they catalyze.
* Enzymes change the equilibrium of a reaction to make it more favorable.

* Enzymes can drive an unfavorable reaction by coupling it to a favorable reaction, either directly or via activated carrier molecules.
* Enzymes make reactions occur faster than without catalysis.
* The activity of enzymes can be modulated by inhibitors and other small molecules to respond to the needs of the cell at each moment.

Which of the following is NOT a crucial benefit of using enzymes to catalyze biological reactions?

* Enzymes change the equilibrium of a reaction to make it more favorable.

All of the following statements are true about the relationships between [S], Km and Vmax EXCEPT:

* As the [S] is increased, v approaches the limiting value, Vmax.
* Km = [S] at Vmax/2.
* The rate of the reaction, v, follows a first order rate equation v = K’ [A] and K’ = Vmax/Km.
* The rate of product formed, v, is at Vmax when [S] < Km.
* Km and Vmax assist in finding the rate of the enzyme catalyzed reaction only if the reaction is irreversible.

All of the following statements are true about the relationships between [S], Km and Vmax EXCEPT:

* The rate of product formed, v, is at Vmax when [S] < Km.

All of the following statements about noncompetitive inhibition are true EXCEPT:

* The inhibitor binds to a different site than does the substrate.
* They interact with the enzyme as well as the enzyme-substrate complex. 

* Increasing the concentration of [S] can overcome the inhibition.
* The Vmax value does not remain the same as for a reaction that is not inhibited.
* The inhibitor can cause a conformational change in the enzyme.

All of the following statements about noncompetitive inhibition are true EXCEPT:

* Increasing the concentration of [S] can overcome the inhibition.

A common means of providing energy to an energetically unfavorable reaction in a cell is by:

* coupling of ATP hydrolysis to the reaction.
* transfer of a phosphate group from the substrate to ADP.
* generation of a higher temperature by the cell.
* enzyme catalysis of the reaction.
* coupling of the synthesis of ATP to the reaction.

A common means of providing energy to an energetically unfavorable reaction in a cell is by:

* coupling of ATP hydrolysis to the reaction.

• sugars
• fatty acids
• amino acids
• nucleotides

chitin.

it's a polysaccharide of glucose. 

• hydrogen bonding
  (*--H-*, where * is N, O, or F)
  
  
• van der Waal's interactions
  (Nonspecific and are caused by transient dipoles in all atoms.  Momentary random fluctuations in the distribution of the electrons of any atom give rise to a transient unequal distribution of electrons/dipole.)
  
  
• ionic bonding
  
  
• hydrophobic interactions
  (where water forces hydrophobic groups together to minimize their disruptive effect on the H-bonded network of water molecules).

Define:

hydrogen bonding

A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a donor atom (D) may form an additional hydrogen bond as a weak association with an acceptor atom (A).
D must be electronegative and thus the covalent D-H bond must be polar.
A must be electronegative and its outer shell must have at least one nonbonding pair of electrons that attracts the δ+ charge of the hydrogen atom.

Classic example is water; standard h-bonding atoms include N, O, F 

With regard to their substrates, multiple noncovalent interactions can make binding sites very specific.

And, obvs., all proteins need noncovalent bonds to fold into a 3D shape.

True.

They have all the information and structure to fold up correctly, but they sometimes need a molecular chaperone to keep them sequestered from making noncovalent bonds with atoms in their environment.

Totally true, you guys.

•  The O atom can make 2 H-bonds.
• Each H atom can make 1 H-bond.

Define:

hydration shell

Water solvates ions.

Because of its polar properties, water can interact or dissolve other polar compounds and compounds that ionize (electrolytes).  Water's O- aligns with the cations of an electrolyte and its H+ orients towards the anions.

amphipathic

(alt: amphiphilic)

Define:

micelle

In water, a micelle is a cluster of amphipathic molecules, with the hydrophilic sections pointing outward, and the hydrophobic sections sequestered in the center

These often form colloid.

Multi-part:

What is a colligative property?

Name 4 colligative properties of water that change when a solute is dissolved in it. 

A property of solutions that depends on the quantity of molecules of solute, but not on their chemical nature.  In water, solutes impose local order so that lattices/crystals can't form in water, nor can bonds be broken as easily.

• Freezing point depression
• Boiling point elevation
• Vapor pressure lowering
• Osmotic pressure effects

Define:

osmotic pressure

Define:

strong electrolyte

A substance that (almost) completely dissociates in solution.

ex.: HCl, NaOH 

Define:

pKa 

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

pH = 10 + log (.5/2)

pH = 9.4 

Phosphate is the major one; histidine is the minor.

Outside the cell, the bicarbonate/carbonic acid system maintains pH. 

1. Energy is never created nor destroyed.
2. The entropy (ΔS) in the universe is always increasing.