Summarize the ATP-ADP cycle including the types of fuels used and the work accomplished.

ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP .  This releases -7.3 Kcal/mol  The high energy bond is due to the repulsion of the multiple negatively charged phospate groups.

A bond containing -7 Kcal.mol or greater.  Its located between phosphate groups 1 and 2 and 2 and 3 in atp.

Understand the difference between delta-G and delta-G^0!?

Delta G is maximum amount of useful energy from a reaction.

delta G0' is energy generated with 1M concentrations, pH 7, H2O =55 M and 25 degrees celsius. its is also corrected for the energy that goes into entropy.

Be able to explain how the free energy of ATP can be used to contract a muscle.

by releasing the myosin head, moving it down the actin filament, reattaching lower down, and pushing it along.

Be able to explain how the free energy in ATP can be used by the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase to pump sodium and potassium ions through a cell membrane.

by changing the conformation of membrane spanning pump protiens.

Be able to explain how the free energy in ATP can be used to synthesize glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and phosphate even though this reaction is endergonic.

The energy present in the ATP is more than the energy needs of the reaction.  It overwhelms their resistance and forces the reaction along.

Given two equations with the delta-G^0! for each reaction, be able to add or subtract an equation and determine if the reaction as spontaneous.

A reaction with a negative delta Go' will be spontaneous. 

Given the equation at the bottom of Table 19.2, be able to explain why delta-G can be positive while delta-G^0! is negative and visa versa.

differnet conditions affect the nature of the reaction.  Delta Go" assumes standard conditions.

What is the function of nucleoside monophosphokinases and nucleoside diphosphate kinase? Is it possible to have a high ratio of ATP to ADP and not have a high ratio of GTP to GDP?

they work like ATP but power specifc enzymes.  Yes

In addition to the nucleoside phosphates, be able to identify 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate, Phosphoenolpyruvate, Creatine phosphate, and Acetyl CoA as high energy compounds

Be able to describe how the hydrocarbons in our diet are converted to CO₂, H₂0, and ATP. Include the reduction and oxidation of coenzymes and the creation and use of proton gradients in your explanation.

carbohydrates are broken apart generating CO2 and H2O.  This process reduces NAD and FAD.  They then donate these electrons to O2 in the process creating a proton gradient that generates ATP

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

the generation of posphorylated ATP through the oxidation of Carbohydrates

Describe three general ways that oxidation or reduction occurs in the body.

transfer of a hydrogen atom

direct addition of oxygen

direct donation of electrons.

non oxygen requiring

a method of fuel production that requires no oxygen

What kind of reaction is catalyzed by cytochrome P₄₅₀ monooxygenase? What is oxidized and what is reduced? What do monooxygenases, hydroxylases, and mixed function oxygenase oxidases have in common

the transfer of electrons from a flavin to oxygen

flavin is oxydized oxygen is reduced

the incorporation of one or both atoms of oxygen into their substrate

Assume a sudden loss of oxygen supply to a cell. Give a simple scenario (sequence of events) that might lead to cell death (necrosis) and release of enzymes. Use the terms hypoxia, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP concentration, active transport, intracellular Ca²⁺, swelling, permeability, and creatine kinase

Loss of oxygen leads to a loss of ATP and the osmotic gradients it creates.  This leads to swelling and ruptures

eat less

excercise more

yes

the bonds in alcohol and fat have different energy than the ones in carbohydrates

T3

speeds up the generation of ATP and makes the body run less efficiently