L9: Lung anatomy

What is the major respiratory muscle in humans

What is wrong in this air pathway?

Mouth

Nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Respiratory bronchioles

Terminal Bronchi

Alveolar Sacs

Mouth

Nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Respiratory bronchioles belongs after Terminal Bronchi

Terminal Bronchi

Alveolar Sacs

L9 P3

rigidity of trachea

L9 P2

upper airway muscles, when relaxed, create apnea

apnea is a lack of airway patency

Everything from the trachea down to the terminal bronchioles

1) trachea

2) bronchi

3) terminal bronchi

only 3 bitch memorize it

L9 P2

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli 

3 parts as well as conducting zone

L9 P4

wtf is

Conducting zone

warms, humidifies during inhalation

conserves water during exhalation

L9 P3

What muscle does the phrenic nerve control?

Clue: for inspiration

Diaphragm

located on the 4th cervical vertebrae

fun factz:

thus if theres a spinal injury between neck-diaphragm breathing isnt compromised

During inspiration

What muscles help?

[2]

[1]diaphgram(obviously)

[2] external intercostal muscles contract

(allowing ribs to move upwards and outwards)

Usually expiration is passive, because muscles just relax to original positions.

But, expiration muscles become active during excercise

What are these muscles? 

internal intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

both compress the chest to move air out the lungs

L9 P6

measures breathing

can be used to detect healthy/restrictive lungs

The pleura sac consists of two pleura membranes,

visceral and parietal.

Difference between 

visceral pleura and parietal pleura?

visceral covers exterior of the lungs

parietal coats inner chest wall

ez 2 remember because

>parietal closer to the heart

>parents close to the heart

Wtf is this disorder called

pleurisy

Hint:

I'm sure it relates to the pleura

When visceral (pleura membrane covering lungs) rubs onto the parietal (pleura membrane covering inner chest wall)

> loss of interpleural fluid

L9 P7

What types of pressure are found in the lungs?

[3]

atmospheric

inter-alveolar

interpleural

What has greater pressure

Atmospheric pressure or interpleural pressure?

Atmospheric > Interpleural

check the stats:

760 mmHg > 756 mmhG

Interpleural always lower than atmospheric and inter-alveolar pressure

Dont believe me? L9 P7

During exhalation

a) inter-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure

or

b) inter-alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure

Air has to move high to low

so during exhalation

from inter-alveolar pressure to atmospheric

a) inter-alveolar pressure > atmospheric

interalveolar pressure - interpleural pressure = transpulmonary pressure

This is the driving force for lung expansion

Lung condition called 

Pneumothorax

What is it

lung condition called 

haemothorax

what is it?

hae = blood

blood enters pleural space

Lung condition called

Pleural effusion

What is it

accumulation of fluid within the lungs

either in pleural space or alveoli

Lung condition called

Asbestosis

What is it?

Air flow equation

L10 P1

Airflow = atmospheric pressure - interalveolar pressure / reistance

L10 P1

During inhalation

P _alveolar < P _atmospheric

y/n

True or False

GFR can increase be regulated by changes on the proximal tubule

False

3 ways GFR can be regulated

Hint: M, M, M

Myogenic regulation

Macula densa cells

Mesangia cells

During the regulation of GFR

Myogenic regulation happens where?

Smooth muscles around afferent glomerular arteriole

vasoconstricts during increase of blood pressure 

decreasing GFR by providing resistance to flow

Macula densa cells help with GFR

Where are they found