Term
| life hisotry characteristics of primates |
|
Definition
1) relatively long gestation
2) relatively long lifespan
3) relatively low birthy rates
4) relatively late age at maturity |
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Term
| Physical / Behavioral characteristics of primates |
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Definition
-nails instead of claws, fine motor skills, grasping extremities, tactile pads, opposable toes and fingers
-optic convergence, enhanced vision, reduced olfaction, post orbital closure, binocular stereoscopic vision (depth perception)
-Petrosal auditory bulla |
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Term
| Complete Classification of Primates |
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Definition
Kingdom=Animalia
Phylum=Chordata
Subphylum=Vertebrata
Class=Mammalia
Subclass=Theria (marsupials and placentals)
Infraclass=Eutheria (placental mammals)
Supraorder = Archonta
Order = Primates
Semiorder = euprimates |
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Term
|
Definition
| lemurs, lorises, galagos, pottos |
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Term
| main characteristics of strepsirhines |
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Definition
-epitheliochorial placentation (signficant separation between mom and baby; bigger litters, less nutrients and oxygen)
-long snout
-vertical clingers and leapers
-post orbital bar
-tooth comb
-tapetum lucidum
-rhinarium
-scent glands
-unfused mandibular symphysis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-tarsiers
-anthropods (catarrhines and platyrrhines) |
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Term
| main characteristics of haplorhines |
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Definition
-hemochorial placentation (bigger, juicier babies)
-no tapetum lucidum
-post orbital closures
-fused mandibular symphysis
-no rhinarium
-reduced reliance on smell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-New World Monkeys
-capuchins, squirrel monkeys, marmosets, tamarins, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys, titi monkeys, howler monkeys |
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Term
| main characteristics of plattryhines |
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Definition
-New World Monkeys (central and south america)
-arboreal
-tropical
-nostrils face to the side
-some have prehensile tails
-2.1.3.3 dental formula |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Old World Monkeys
-Cercopithecoids (includes cercopithecines [baboons, macaques,guenons, vervets, mandrills] and colobines [colobus monkeys,langurs, odd-nosed monkeys])
-Hominoids (orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos, Homo sapiens) |
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Term
| main characteristics of Catarrhines |
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Definition
-Old World Primates
-arboreal
-terrestrial (bigger body size)
-narrow nostrils facing downwards
-2.1.2.3 dental formula
-mostly folivorous |
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Term
|
Definition
| baboons, macaques, vervets, mandrills, magabeys, guenons |
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Term
| main characteristics of cercopithecines |
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Definition
-cheek pouched
-short tail
-long snout
-short, blunt molar cusps
-terrestrial and arboreal
-very diverse
-much sexual dimorphism
-diverse social systems
-polygynandrous |
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Term
|
Definition
| colobus monkeys, langurs, odd-nosed monkeys |
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Term
| main characteristics of colobines |
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Definition
-ruminant-like stomach (folivorous)
-long, sharp molar cusps
-long tail
-all arboreal
-eat lots of vegetation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| gibbons, siamangs, gorillas, chimps, orangutans, bonobos, Homo sapiens |
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Term
| main characteristisc of Hominoids |
|
Definition
-postcrania adapted for suspension
-no tail
-robust hallux
-large brains
-flat, broad trunk
-longer arms than legs (not humans)
-very mobile upper shoulder joint
-y-5 primitive lower molars
-5 to 7 mya |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| gorillas, chimps, bonobos, Homo sapiens |
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Term
| main characteristics of hominins, Homo sapiens |
|
Definition
-reduced anterior dentition
-no diastema
-smaller canines
-chin
-habitual bipedalism
-extremely large for body size
-pandemic
-omnivorous
-high intelligence
-behavioral flexibilty
-social complexity
-tool use
-symbolic language
-unique life history patterns |
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Term
| Major characteristics of plesiadapiforms |
|
Definition
-arboreal
-nocturnal
-quadrapedal
-long snout
-no post orbital bars
-ever growing incisors
-eyes on side of head
-small brain
-large zygomatic arches
-no petrosal bulla |
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Term
| majr characteristics of adapids |
|
Definition
-55 to 34 mya
-larger
-diurnal, so smaller eye orbits
-looks like dogs (not like us)
-long snout
-folivores and frugivores
-ancestral to lemurs
-last ancestors of strepsirhines? |
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Term
| major characteristics of Omomyids |
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Definition
-55 to 34 my
-smaller
-nocturnal, so large eye orbits
-short snout
-insectivorous & frugivores
-ancestral to tarsiers
-probably ancestors to haplorhines |
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Term
| changes that happened to primates beginning 65 mya |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where did Platyrrhines come from? (3 hypotheses) |
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Definition
1. South America and Africa split off 100 mya but we haven't found the oldest fossil specimen yet
2. Rafting over 200 miles
3. Perhaps anthropoids evolved much earlier than we think (100 not 50) |
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Term
| Theory I of euprimate origins |
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Definition
Arboreal life placed a premium on brains and particularly the visual apparatus; tree climbing selected for grasping extremities
-Problem: most arboreal animals don't look like euprimates |
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Term
| Theory II of euprimate origins |
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Definition
Visual prediation hypothesis; eyes move towards front for preying upon insects; grasping hands for grasping prey
-Problem: not all visual predaotrs have eyes that point in the same direction (like mongooses and tree shrews) |
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Term
| Theory III of euprimate origins |
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Definition
Angiosperm radiation--grasping extremities for more intesive extraction
-Problem: angiosperm radiation predates primates by 30 million years |
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Term
| Theory IV of euprimate origins |
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Definition
| fine branch niche; can hang out and eat on branches for lower risk of predation |
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Term
| Evolution of Primate Intelligence Ecological Hypothesis |
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Definition
-big brain needed for complex living environment
-selection would favor increased memory for complex 'cognitive maps' as well as innovativeness for efficient extractive foraging skills and tool use in high primates
-brain size appears to be associated with foraging complexity |
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Term
| Evolution of Primate Intelligence--Ecological Hypothesis Criticisms |
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Definition
-mental maps controlled by hippocampus, which is not any larger in primates
-folivore body size is larger to accomodate a larger gut, so their brain to body ratio will always be smaller than frugivores |
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Term
| Evolution of Primate intelligence--Social hypothesis |
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Definition
-big brain needed for tool complexity, communication, etc.
-primate intelligence has evolved to deal with the complexities involved with social interactions (dominance hierarchies, alliances, kinship, etc.)
-a level of 'Machiavellian' intelligence needed for navigating a complex social world, and such behavior would be strongly favored by selection
-Size of the neocortex in primates correlates most strongly with group size |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| ecological study of social behavior (type and distribution of food, activity patterns and home range size, social and mating systems, group dynamics) |
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Term
| What are the major social / breeding systems of primates? (6) |
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Definition
1) Solitary
2) FEmales mostly forage alone
3) Monogamy
4) Fission-Fusion
5) Single-male / multi-female
6) Multi male / multi female |
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Term
|
Definition
both sexes solitary and individual territories
pottos, lorises |
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Term
| females mostly forage alone grouping |
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Definition
-females not with other females
-but associate at large food sources (orangutans)
-or form sleeping associations, share home ranges (galagos, dwarf lemurs, mouse lemurs)
-male strategies vary, but at least some have stable ranges, overlap several females |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-females not with other females
-single male / female pair plus dependent offspring form stable group, but may be some extra-pair mating (gibbons; owl monkeys; indris; early humans?) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Females not with other females
-Multi female but no permanent assocation, not cohesive; multi male (chimps, bonobos, spider monkeys, muriquis) |
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Term
| Single-Male Multi Female Grouping |
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Definition
-one male, many females
-redtail monkeys, blue monkeys, Hanuman langurs |
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Term
| Multi male multi female grouping |
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Definition
-many males and many females
-macaques, baboons, capuchins, howler monkeys, red colobus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-lower foraging efficiency
-loss of allies
-elevated predation risk |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-more mating opportunities
-avoid inbreeding
-better protection against infanticide |
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|
Term
| How do animals determine which sex disperses? |
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Definition
-sex biases in dispersal are common
-often only on sex disperses, or both sexes disperse but one typically goes farther
-usually dispersal is male-biased in mammals
-Food distribution influences female distribution which influences male distribution
-environmental distribution of resources determines distribution of animals which determines behavioral relationships |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-use by a male of force, or threat of force, that functions to increase the chances that a female will mate with him at a time when she is likely to be fertile, and to decrease the chances that she will mate with other males, at some cost to a female
-orangutans= forced copulation
-baboons=neck biting
-chimpanzees=possessive following
-infanticide |
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Term
| Female counter strategies to sexual coercion |
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Definition
-Individual defense (limited)
-Cooperative defense (limited effect if males much larger, persistent)
-Reliance on male protectors: major reason for permanent male/female association, even main reason for female grouping in some cases (gorillas?)
-transfer = to leave
-paternity confusion
-parallel cycling |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-have extended periods of sexual receptivity
-mate with multiple males
-"pseudestrus" (mating during pregnancy or when infertile for other reasons)
-estrus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-hygienic function (remove ectoparasites, clean wounds)
-physiological effects (calming, endorphin release, lowered heartbeat)
-An investment in a relationship: a way to initiate or maintain a positive relationship
-A "service" exchanged for return grooming or something else
-to buy tolerance |
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|
Term
| What is a dominance hierarchy? |
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Definition
-the organization of individuals in a group that occurs when competition for resources leads to aggression.
-Usually maintained through agnostic behaviors (aggression and submission)
-Males in multi-male groups: macaques, baboons, vervets, cebus, chimps, red colobus
-Females in multi female groups: macaques, vervets, babons, cebus |
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|
Term
| costs of living in groups |
|
Definition
-Sharing resources
-Guy on top that has everything to lose=lots of stress |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-better ability to locate potential mates
-increased ability to defend food resources
-predator avoidance-->safety in numbers |
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Term
| Socioecologica model of primate grouping |
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Definition
-Female reproductive success is determined by a long life in good condition, allowing a female to produce a large number of offspring in the shortest possible succession
-thus, a female's interest should be in high quality subsistence (food) and low risks of predation and infanticide
-male's reproductive success is limited by access to females
-Environmental distribution affects female distribution affects male distribution
-Predation Risk --> Female Grouping for Safety --> Feeding competition between females --> female social relationships <- males |
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|
Term
| How is diet related to body size? |
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Definition
-small primates have high energy requirement per unit body weight, but low total requirement
-large primates have lower energy requirement per unit body weight, but higher total requirements |
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Term
| How do activity patterns vary? |
|
Definition
-Exactly how each group divids its time is determined by the LOCAL ecological situation and their DIETARY SPECIALIZATION and each individual's AGE
-folivores spend much more time DIGESTING than frugivores/insectivores
-fruigvores and insectivores spend much more time LOOKING for food than folivores
-juveniles spend much more time PLAYING than adults |
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|
Term
| How does home range size vary? |
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Definition
-How much area a group has to cover will also be correlated with the type of food they eat
-for rarer, clumped items, it is probably that they will need to cover more ground to include enough resources to support them
-only pays to defend an area if there are good enough resources |
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|
Term
| How do ranging behaviors vary? |
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Definition
-all primate groups range within a finite area
-in many cases, these home ranges may overlap with those of neighboring groups
-but some DEFEND that home range to prevent other groups from tresspassing. These groups are territorial. |
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Term
| Why should a primate be territorial? |
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Definition
to defend resources
-folivores are less territorial |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Indirect dating techniques |
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Definition
| -date something that is associated with the object of interest (date the lyaers above and below it, assuming that the youngest layers are on top) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-ancient fossils and stone tools cannot be directly dated
-fossils are usually too precious to risk destroying them to date them |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-water
-erosion
-bioturbatin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-biostratigraphy
-based on laws of association and superposition
-correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained within them
-elephant, pig, and horse fossils often used because they're well characterized
-must know evolutionary history of reference (index) organism
-examination of sympatric fossil animals tells about the environment in which a particular fossil lived and died |
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Term
|
Definition
| says items found in the same layer are the same age |
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Term
|
Definition
| says that layers on the bottom are older than layers on the top |
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|
Term
| faunal correlation problems |
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Definition
| -movement of fossil material by geologic activity or burrowing animals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-based on the fact that the Earth's magnetic axis reverses periodically
-the direction of the magnetic field is recorded in the orientation of iron-containing particles in rocks |
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Term
|
Definition
| -not very precise and usually used in combination with absolute dating techniques |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-"Chronometric"
-based on constant decay rate of radioisotopes |
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|
Term
| radiometric dating limitations |
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Definition
-need certain materials
-resolution limited by decay rates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-volcanic ash
-can't use it for young specimens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-measures the amount of carbon14 in organic materials
-cant use it on old specimens (measures up to 60,000 years old) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-includes archaeological materials, evidence of behavioral adaptations such as footprints, and the fossils themselves
-evidence for behaviors
-example: comparison of the percentage of arboreal to terrestrial mammals in fauna usually provides a good estimate of the amount of tree cover in a habitat and can distinguish rain forests from woodlands and savannahs
-thus, fossil faunas containing high numbers of species with arboreal adaptations most likely represent forested environments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-can tell us the climate regime during which fossils were formed
-sand grain analysis (size, shape, color, mineral makeup, degree of calcification, etc.)
-fossil plants themselves
-palynological anaylsis |
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Term
|
Definition
-pollen spectra recovered from sedimentary deposits associated with fossil animals can also be used to reconstruct the overall nature of the flora
-different plant species have different climate tolerances |
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|
Term
| Turnover-Pulse hypothesis |
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Definition
-synchrony of speciation and climatic flucutations across taxa-->the RAPID change
-turnover of flora and fauna that happens in response to a climatic change |
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|
Term
| turnover pulse hypothesis problems |
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Definition
-most speciation events do not seem to be confined to periods of excessive climatic change
-no evidence of change in the variability of oxygen isotope ratios around 2.5 mya
-the cooling trend actually took place during and after, but not before, the faunal change
-there is no exact threshold or point of the 2.5 my BP event |
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|
Term
| Anatomical Adaptations to bipedalism (10) |
|
Definition
1)foramen magnum in the center of the basicranium because head rests on top of spine
2) curved lower spine to redisribute weight (lordosis)
3) size of vertebrae increase to support body mass
4) short and broad pelvis to lower center of gravity for balance and stability
5) large gluteal abductors on hip sides in order to shift the center of gravity during the gait and prevent collapse during the stance phase
6) enlarged femoral head and other joint areas in order to support the weight of the entire body during much of locomotion
7) lengthened lower limbs to increase stride efficiency
8) angled femur ('valgus' angle) to center gravity along the midline
9) extensible knee joint which can lock to minimize power needed to support the body and allows for a push-off and heel-strike in the swing phase
10) foot with great toe in line with smaller toes functions as a rigid propulsion lever |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1) loss of arboreality (shorter arms and fingers, straighter)
2) compromised partuition (more difficult birth)
3) prone to neck, back, and knee injuries |
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Term
| Hypotheses for evolution of bipedalism (10) |
|
Definition
1. free the hands
2. to see over tall grass
3. feeding postures
4. male provisioning
5. display or warning
6. aquatic lifestyle
7. thermoregulatory adaptation
8. energy efficient locomotion
9. running
10. savannah hypothesis |
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|
Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--free the hands |
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Definition
-food gathering, carry water to extend foraging range, provisioning and carrying offspring, manipulate tools and weapons
-Problem: bipedalism predates encephalization and stone tool use, so doesn't really make sense |
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Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--to see over tall grass |
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Definition
Problems:
-hominin origins seem unlikely to have taken place in open habitats
-many primates stand to look for conspecifics or predators, none of them have adopted bipedalism as a normal pattern of movement |
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|
Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--feeding posture |
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Definition
-feeding on tall bushes or trees
-standing during feeding in an arboreal setting (most ape bipedalism is associated with standing erect during feeding)
-Problem: then why aren't apes habitually bipedal? -selection to stand erect preceded selection to move bipedally |
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Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--male provisioning |
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Definition
-increasing infant survival by foraging and transporting food back to home bases
-associated with pair bonding
Problem: what about the sexual dimorphism in early hominins? |
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Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--display or warning? |
|
Definition
-dominance displays during aggressive encounters
Problem: selection to stand erect preceded selection to move bipedally |
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|
Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--thermoregulatory adaptation |
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Definition
-bipedal posture reduces the area of body surface that is exposed to the sun while foraging, particularly at midday
-minimizes thermal stress through physiological cooling
-facilitates convective heat loss
-linked to loss of body hair
-linked with tall structure and long extremities in tropical zones |
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|
Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--energy efficient locomotion |
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Definition
| Problem: human bipedalism is less energy efficient thatn conventional quadrapedalism (of equal body mass) at high speeds; at walking speeds, human bipedalism is more efficient |
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|
Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--running |
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Definition
-endurance running is unique to humans among primates, and is uncommon among quadrapedal mammals other than social carnivores and migratory ungulates
-long distance walking cannot account for specialized running structures
-evolved for effective pursuit of prey, both hunting and scavenging? |
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Term
| hypothesis of evolution of bipedalism--Savannah Hypothesis |
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Definition
-bipedalism may have been the product of a shift in African environments from forest to grassland savannas during a cooling trend in the late Miocene
-the distribution of dietary resources may have become more thinly dispersed
-bipedalism may have been an adaptation to such a savanna habitat
Problem: little evidence of a clear shift from forest to grassland in East Africa; existing data suggests a more patchy distribution of forest and grassland in both space and time |
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|
Term
| Major changes in the early Hominin lineage? |
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Definition
-2 mya in Africa
-signifcant expansion in brain (850-1100 cc) and body size
-extended childhood
-less sexual dimorphism
-expansion beyond traditional hominin geographical range (out of Africa)
-controlled use of fire
-change in tool industy |
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|
Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
|
Definition
-6 to 7 mya
-East and Middle Africa; wooded (arboreal) environment
-apelike: small, rounded cranium and heavy browrige
-size of chimpanzee
-hump (keeling) on top of skull; no saggital crest
-like later hominins: reduced canines and thick tooth enamel
-diastema (more chimp like diet)
-reduced subnasal prognathism
-anterior position of foramen magnum |
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|
Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
|
Definition
-6 to 7 mya
-East and Middle Africa; wooded (arboreal) environment
-apelike: small, rounded cranium and heavy browrige
-size of chimpanzee
-hump (keeling) on top of skull; no saggital crest
-like later hominins: reduced canines and thick tooth enamel
-diastema (more chimp like diet)
-reduced subnasal prognathism
-anterior position of foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-6 mya
-east africa; wooded, lake or river margin
-bipedal, curved fingers, transitional
-apelike: humerus and phalange indicate some arboreal activity, large canines, madible shape similar to chimpanzees, size of femur suggests the overall body size of a modern chimpanzee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-4.4 mya(huge gap of time in which nothing has been found)
-Ethiopia; heavily forested areas
-apelike detention (parallel tooth rows, large canines, thin enamel, teeth getting smaller)
-like later hominins: possibly bipedal because of position of formen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-5.2 to 5.8 mya
-Ethiopia; wooded paleoenvironments
-usually bipedal
-probably closer to last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans that Ardipithecus ramidus
-mix of primitive and a FEW derived traits |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus anamensis |
|
Definition
-4.2 to 3.9 ya
-East central and South Africa --> mix of aquatic/woodland = riverine
-less apelike than Ardipithecus ramidus (smaller canines, thicker tooth enamel, more parabolic tooth row); larger body size and bigger brain
-bipedal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-east central and south africa
-4 to 1 mya
-6 "gracile" species; contemporaneous species
-small body size (1/2 size of AMHS), bipedal, retention of arboreal adaptations; smaller brain size, strong prognathism, sexual dimorphism |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus africanus |
|
Definition
-3.5 to 2.5 mya
-South Africa; cave sites
-bipedal, small brain
-Sterkfontein, Taung, and Makapansgaat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3.6 to 2.9 mya
-East Africa
-Ape-man; Lucy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 individuals
-clearly bipedal
-3.6 mya
-volcanic ash, then rain solidified ash, then flood |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus bahrelghazali |
|
Definition
-3.5 to 3 mya
-Central Africa; lakeside environment
-lends further evidence to the fact that lead to ourselves did not have to originiate in East Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2.5 mya
-Ethiopia
-"surprise ape man"; mix of primitive and derived traits (large brain, large anterior dentition, large molars)
-OLDEST STONE TOOLS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1.78 to 1.95 mya
-South Africa
-bipedal, modern pelvis and ankle, chimp-like heel, modern face
-first evidence of brain expansion |
|
|
Term
| "Robust" autralopithecines |
|
Definition
-Old genus: Paranthropus
-3 species:robustus boisei, and aethiopicus
robust: sagittal crest, huge teeth, massive jaw, buttressed face, larger cranial capacity, still small body size, less arboreal, large zygomatic arches, post orbital constriction |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus robustus |
|
Definition
-1.8 to 1 mya
-South Africa; wetland, grassland environment
-SK-48: massive teeth, zygomatic arch, buttress for chewing, posterior tooth dominance, thick enamel, robust cranial architecture and muscle attachments, significant sexual dimorphism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2.2 to 1.4 mya
-East Africa only (Mary Leakey)
-a 'robust robustus'; found in different region and bigger
-saggital and nuchal crests, large zygomatic arches, extremely large molars, buttressed face |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus aethiopicus |
|
Definition
-2.7 to 2.3 mya
-East Africa
-extreme facial prognathism and enlarged masticatory apparatus
-share some primitive traits with A. afarensis (basicranium, small brain)
-share some derived traits with the other paranthropines (dish shaped face, heart shaped foramen magnum, very large molars and premolars, linear arrangement of incisors and canines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3.5 to 3.2 mya
-Kenya; 'well watered', mosaic, forest edge habitat
-flat faced man; larger brain than habilis
-smaller teeth, THICK enamel, little prognathism
Problem: lots of post-depositional distortion could cause false distinction from Australopithecines (not exact science ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2.5 to 1.8 mya
-East Africa
-"Able Man" (handy man)
-Oldwowan technology; smaller brain, more archaic post cranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2.5 to 1.8 ya
-Kenya
-larger cranium, flatter, broader face, more modern post cranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2 mya
-Africa
-higher cranial vault, thinner cranial bone, absence of a sagittal keel, less massive supraorbital torus, less massive face
-more similar to archais HS that are H. erectus
-height increase |
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Term
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Definition
-1.8 to 200 kya
-Asia and Europe
-long, low cranium, thick cranial bone, sagittal keel |
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Definition
-900-130 kya
-Africa, Europe, Asia
-H. antecessor, H. heidelbergensis, H. helmei |
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Definition
-780 kya
-Spain
-ancestral to all archaics? |
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Definition
-500 to 200 kya
-Europe
-mix of primitive features (heavy browridge, robust skull, large asendring ramus) and modern features (large brain and small molars) |
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Term
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Definition
-600 to 150 kya
-Africa, instead of Europe and Asia (so not heidelbergensis)
-could this be the common ancestor? |
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Term
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Definition
-127 to 30 kya
-Europe, Middle East, Central Asia
-short stature, short limbs, robustly built, heavily muscled
-large brains, no forehead, big nose, retromolar space, occipital bun
-adapted to cold environments
-overlap, so really no way that we could have evolved from them
-Mousterian tool tradition |
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Term
| Anatomically modern Homo sapiens |
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Definition
-195 kya to present
-Africa = first evidence
-increase in cranial volume, thin cranial bones, forehead, small face, chin, decrease in skeletal / dental robusticity, language, symbolic expression, change in tool industry |
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Term
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Definition
-2.6 to 1.5 mya
-simple chopping and scraping tools
-opportunistic production
-lava cobbles; produced through percussion techniques |
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Term
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Definition
-1.4 mya to 200 kya
-bifaces and handaxes
-visualized end product (more time and care)
-flatter and have straighter, sharper sides, standardized
-softer material like bone or wood to make flakes
-controlled use of fire |
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Term
| Mousterian tool tradition |
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Definition
-200 to 40 kya
-shift from core tools to flake tools |
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Term
| Aurignacian tool tradition |
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Definition
-4o kya to present
-microlithic blade and flake production
-use of bone, ivory, and antler so explosion of tool industrires
-manufactured shelter |
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Term
| Three hypotheses for spread and development of AMHS |
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Definition
1. Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis
2. Out of Africa/ Single Origin Hypothesis
3. Assimilation |
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Term
| Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis |
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Definition
-H. erectus out of Africa 2 mya --> spread out --> gene flow between regional locations --> gradual change to H. sapiens
-modern humans in each region should resemble the archaic H. sapiens
-if true, Neandertals developed into AMHS in 6000 years so doesnt add up too well temporally |
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Term
| Single-Origin / Out of Africa |
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Definition
-2nd migration left Africa that began to kill off existing populations in Europe, Africa and Asia
-evidence: remains of AMHS are signficantly older in Africa and Middle East
-evidence: remains of AMHS are significantly older in Africa and Middle East
-most amount of evidence in Africans, so most variation = more time (probably originated there) |
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Term
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Definition
-AMHS mated with Neandertals
-Neandertals did not evolve into AMHS |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| how much skull pinches in behind eyes |
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