Term
Briefly describe cellular respiration.
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Definition
| A collection of metabolic reactions that break down food molecules to produce ATP. |
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Term
| True or false : Fat, Carbs and protein can be used in cellular respiration to produce ATP. |
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Definition
| True, they can all be used for cellular respiration |
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Term
What is the most common energy molecule?
How much energy does it yield when fully converted. |
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Definition
Sugar glucose C6H1206
Yields -686kcal/mol when fully converted |
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Term
Cellular respiration is highly _________
but drives ___________ synthesis of ATP |
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Definition
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Term
Multi step chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes involve ___________.
List two the types of "_________" |
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Definition
Energy transfer
1) Electron Tranfer (Redox reactions)
2) Phosphate transfer (ATP hydrolysis / synthesis) |
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Term
Oxidation ________ energy. Therefore it is _________
Reduction __________ energy. Therefore it is ________ |
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Definition
1) Releases, exergonic.
2) Consumes, endergonic. |
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Term
What is a redox reaction? What is the reducing agent and what is the oxidizing agent?
Where does the energy go? |
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Definition
Redox reaction - Removing electron from a donor molecule and adding it to an acceptor molecule
e donor is the reducing agent
e acceptor is the oxidizing agent
Energy liberated from the reducing agent is captured by the oxidizing agent |
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Term
| Some redox reaations do not transfer electrons but _________________ |
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Definition
| instead alter the electron sharing in covalent bonds |
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Term
List two ways that glucose can be oxidized by C02.
Which yields more free energy?
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Definition
1) By Combustion
2) By Metabolism
1) Combustion - 1 step. Large activiation energy. All free energy released as heat
2) Metabolism- Multiple steps. Smaller activation energies. Yields free energy and heat, free energy is transferred out by carrier protein.
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Term
What is the most common electron carrier? |
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Definition
Most common electron carrier is Coenzyme NAD+.
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Term
There are three stages of cellular respiration.
List them and briefly describe them. |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
3. Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis - Breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle - Oxidation of Pyruvate from Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA oxidized into CO2
ATP and NADH synthesized
Oxidative phosphorylation - NADH synthesized in step 1 and 2 is oxidized
e- passes along ETC to 02
-> Proton Gradient -> Synthesize ATP |
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Term
Look back at pages 13, 14, 15
UNDERSTAND THEM
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Definition
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Term
What is Glycolysis?
Does glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm of ALL cells (Prokaryotes AND Eukaryotes)
What are its two main phases?
Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
What does it provide starting materials for? |
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Definition
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Occurs in cytoplasm of ALL cells
Two major phases : Energy investment : First 5 reactions are endergonic
Energy Payoff : Last 5 reactions are exergonic
It is anaerobic.
Provides starting materials for fermentation (anaerobic) and cellular respiration (aerobic)
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Term
| What are the two major things that happens in energy investment reactions? |
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Definition
Reactions 1 to 3 : Pi and ATP are added to Carbon 6 and Carbon 1 of glucose to form fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Reactions 4-5 : Enzyme aldolase splits 1,6-biphosphate into two 3C molecules. (Turns it into G3P) |
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Term
| What are the two major things that happen in the energy payoff reactions? |
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Definition
2 Molecules of G3P were made before this so.
1) 2NADH + 2H^+ are produced via redox reaction (Pi added to each of the G3P involved)
2) 4 ATP produced via substrate level phosphorylation
(2 Pi per molecule, 2 molecules = 4 ATP synthesized) |
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Term
How many ATP used in glycolysis per glucose molecule?
How many ATP produced in glycolysis per glucose molecule?
Yield per glucose molecule? |
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Definition
2 ATP used per glucose molecule.
4 ATP produced in glycolysis per glucose.
2 ATP yielded per glucose in glycolysis |
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Term
What is substrate level phosphorylation? Describe how it works.
How does it produce ATP? |
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Definition
Substrate level phospharylation is a enzyme driven reaction that produces ATP.
It produces ATP by an enzyme making the substrate give its phosphate group to ADP. |
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Term
| How does the energy investing reactions work? |
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Definition
The energy investing reactions are endergonic reactions COUPLED with exergonic ATP hydrolysis (ATP gives it energy) to overcome an activation energy.
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Term
| Energy harvesting reactions are __________ reactions. |
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Definition
| Exergonic reactions where ATP is formed through substrate level phosphorylation. |
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Term
When no oxygen is available, cells use ____________.
What does "_________" do?
Where does "_________" occur?
How does it recycle?
Glucose is _______ oxidized from "__________" |
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Definition
Fermentation
Fermentation permits the production of ATP when there is no 02.
Fermentation happens in the cytoplasm.
Involves recycling via redox reactions
Partially, Fermentation |
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Term
There are two types of fermentation, list them.
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Definition
Lactate fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
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Term
| Fermentation regenerates ________. Why does it do this? |
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Definition
Fermentation regenerates NAD+. It does this because reduction of pyruvate consumes NADH and it needs NADH!
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Term
| Fermentation _______ pyruvate into __________. |
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Definition
| Reduces pyruvate into lactate or ethanol. |
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