1. Archaea 

2. Bacteria

1.Where do Prokaryotes thrive?

2.Do prokaryotes appear move complex in structure than Eukaryotes?

3.Why are prokaryotes so diverse metabolically if they are so simple?

1.Everywhere

2.No, they appear SIMPLE compared to Eukaryotes

3. Because they reproduce more rapidly than Eukaryotes, therefore more  genetic mutation / errors in reproduction and that causes change.

Are all bacteria dangerous to us, or do some help in aiding our health?

Also, what is a non health factor that bacteria is used for?

Some bacteria are dangerous, but some are essensial for health.

Bacteria is used for food production ; Yogurt, Cheese etc.

1.How long ago since the discovery of the archaea?

2.Do some archaea live in extreme conditions?

3.Do Archaea share some similarities with Prokaryotes? With Eukaryotes?

4.Do archaea have unique characteristics that Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes not have?

1. 40 years ago

2. Yes some do

3. Archaea share similarities with BOTH Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

4. Yes, Archaea have some unique characteristics that prokaryotes and eukaryotes don't have.

1. Are prokaryotes unicellular?

2. How small are prokaryotes?

3. List the 3 common shapes of prokaryotes.

1. Yes they are unicellular.

2. They are very small 1um-10um. (Micro = u)

3. Coccus (sphere), Bacillus (rod), Spirillus (Spiral)

1. They maintain its cellular shape

2. They provide protection

3. They prevent from bursting in a hypotonic (very watery) environment where it may take up water inside of it

Some bacterial cell walls have an outer membrane.

What is in the outer membrane?

How are different bacteria classified?

Can it be used to classify archaea cells?

Different Bacteria are classified via the differences of their cell wall structure

No it does not help classify archaea cells.

Bacteria are identified as gram positive or gram negative via the gram stain experiment.

Gram negative = Pink

Gram positive = Purple

Gram negative bacteria have smaller peptidoglycan layers, so when the ethanol shrinks the peptiodglycan and erases the outer membrane, the crystal iodine molecules can escape it, while they can't escape the larger peptidoglycan layer of gram positive baceria.

The pink comes from the safrinin added later, gram positive bacteria do not turn pink since they are already purple (a more dominant colour)

A Sticky capsule is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell wall.

They protect bacteria from the outside environment :

Desiccation

Extreme Temperatures

Viruses

Antibiotics

They also are considered a virulence factor -> Helps bacteria evade immune cell detection.

What is a pilius?

What do they do?

What are conjugative pili?

A hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria

They aid the attachement of bacteria to host surfaces. 

1) Required to form a biofilm

2) Required for colonization during infection

Conjugative pili are sex pili. They aid in transfer of plasmids between bacteria. 

-> One method of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

What is a flagella?

What do they do? Identify it's main function.

Are eukaryotic identical to prokaryotic flagella?

A flagella is a cell surface appendage.

Primary role : Locomotion - They are also a sensory organelle and are sensitive to the external environment (Chemicals and temperature)

No they are not identical, they differ in protein composition, structure and mechanism of propulsion (movement)

List the characteristics of a prokaryotic genome.

Single circular ring of DNA (Chromosome)

They are packed into a nucleoid region

No nucleus

No nuclear membrane

Small genome (1/1000th of a eukaryotic gene)

May also have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids.

Plasmids are small rings of DNA.

Plasmids provide resistance to antibiotics

Replicate independently of the chromosome

Transfered to other bacteria via pili.

Plasmids are small rings of DNA.

Plasmids provide resistance to antibiotics

Replicate independently of the chromosome

Transfered to other bacteria via pili.

List the characteristics of prokaryotic ribosomes.

Smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

Protein synthesis similar to eukaryotes

Archaeal ribosomes share some similarities with eukaryotic ribosomes and some with bacterial ribosomes.

Only bacterial ribsosomes are sensitive to antibiotics.

Prokaryotes reproduce via ______.

Describe it.

What are its 3 main stages?

Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission.

Binary fission is asexual.

Binary fission replicates exact copy of parent.

Binary fission can result in fast population growth.

1. Replication 

2. Segregation

3. Cytokenisis

Reversible attachment of bacteria (seconds)

Irreversible attachment of bacteria (sec-mins)

Growth and division of bacteria (hrs - days)

Formation of extracellular polymers substances leading to biofilm production (hrs-days)

Attachment of other organisms to biofilm (days-months)

How are the metabolic diversity of bacteria classified/grouped?

Organisms are grouped according to their source of carbon.

Autotrophs -> "Self feeding" - Obtain energy from inorganic carbon

Heterotrophs -> "Other feeding" - Obtain energy from organic carbon

They're also grouped by type of energy

Chemotrophs - Oxidize inorganic or organic compounds

There can be chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

Phototrophs - Use light as a source of energy

There can be photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs

List the the type of organisms in :

Photoautotrophs

Photoheterotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs

Photoautotrophs : Some bacteria some protists, most plants

Photoheterotrophs : Some bacteria

Chemoautotrophs : Some archaea, some bacteria no eukaryote

Chemoheterotrophs : Some baceria, archaea and some protists; also fungi some animals and some plants

Highly diverse gram negative bacteria

Purple because of its chlorophyll

Photoautotrophs (purple sulfer) or photoheterotrophs (purple non sulfur)

Does not produce 02 as product

Green bacteria - list characteristics

Highly diverse gram negative

Named for green chlorophyll (not same as plants)

 Photoautotrophs or photoheterotrophs

usually found in hot springs

Do not release 02 as product

Gram negative aerobic photosynthetic organisms

Carry out photosynthesis in the same pathways and same chlorophyll as eukaryotic algae and plants

Responsible for all oxygen based life on earth

Gram positive bacteria - List their characteristics

Primarily chemotrophs

Many pathogenic species like :

Bacillus anthacis - Causes anthrax

Staphyloccocus - Causes meningitis, pneumonia, food poisoning

Steptococcus - Causes strep throat, pneumonia, nectroizing facitis

Some beneficial species - Lactobacillus -> Uses lactic acid fermentation to make pickles, yogurt, etc.

What were the 6 examples of domain bacteria shown?

Green Bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Gram positive bacteria

Proteobacteria

Spirochetes

Chlamidyias

Spirochetes - List properties

gram negative bacteria 

Helically spiralled flagella - moves like a corkscrew

Some harmless (bacteria in mouth) some harmful (causes syphilis)

Chlamydias - List properties

Gram negative 

Cell walls with membrane outside

Lack peptidoglycan

Chalmydia - Common STI

Euryarchaeota 

Crenarchaeota

Korarchaeota

List the type of Euryarchaeta

Extreme Thermophiles (Hot loving) - Lives in hydrothermal vents, hot springs - Can tolerate temerature from 70-95 degrees

Methanogens - Generate methane, live in low-oxygen environments (swamps large intestines)

Halophiles (Salt loving) - Aerobic chemoheterotrophs - energy from sugars alcohols, amino acids

Extreme thermophiles

Psychrophiles (cold loving) - Thrive in temps between -10 to -20 degrees

Mesophiles - Many plankton in cold marine waters

Recognized only by sequences of DNA samples

Nothing known about it physiologically

What does pathogenic mean?

List types of toxins secreted by pathogenic bacteria 

Exotoxins - Leak from, or are secreted from bacteria. - Are proteins

Endotoxins - The lipid A portion of LPS

- Outer membrane of all gram negative bacteria

LPS

 Relationship to cell - Part of outer membrane

Denaturable by boiling - No

Antigenic - Yes

Potency - Relatively low 

Enzymic activity - No

Protein mw=50-1000kda

Relationship to cell - Extracellular, diffusable

Denaturable by boiling - Usually

Antigenic - Yes

Potency - Relatively high

Enzymic activity - Usually

There are more bacteria in the human body than normal cells

about 100 quadrillion bacteria

What is the project that is researching about all the bacteria in the human body?

What is a biogeochemical Cycle?

How do bacteria and archaea affect N2?

A biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which an element moves through an ecosystem.

N2 have a strong bond that most organisms can't break so they can't use Nitrogen!

Archaea and bacteria can break it down via nitrogen fixation

N2 is reduced to ammonia NH3 then ionized to ammonium NH4+

This is the ONLY mechanism of replenishing nitrogen sources.