Term
| Splicing of RNA transcripts from the same gene in different ways, each of which produces a distinct protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form an aminoacyl-tRNA. |
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Definition
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Term
| Sequence of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to the three-nucleotide codon on a messenger RNA molecule; each anticodon is matched to a specific amino acid covalently attached elsewhere on the transfer RNA molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sequence of three nucleotides in a DNA or messenger RNA molecule that represents the instruction for incorporation of a specific amino acid into a growing polypeptide chain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Segment of a eucaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA and expressed; dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which a gene makes its effect on a cell or an organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Set of rules specifying the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) in DNA or RNA and amino acids in proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins that assemble on the promoters of many eucaryotic genes near the start site of transcription and load the RNA polymerase in the correct position. |
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Definition
| general transcription factors |
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Term
| Special tRNA that initiates translation. It always carries the amino acid methionine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Noncoding region of a eucaryotic gene that is transcribed into an RNA molecule but is then excised by RNA splicing to produce mRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Produced by RNA splicing (in eucaryotes) from a larger RNA molecule made by RNA polymerase as a complementary copy of DNA. It is translated into protein in a process catalyzed by ribosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme such as trypsin that degrades proteins by hydrolyzing some of their peptide bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large protein complex in the cytosol that is responsible for degrading cytosolic proteins that have been marked for destruction by ubiquitylation or by some other means. |
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Definition
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Term
| The set of successive triplets in which a string of nucleotides is translated into protein. An mRNA molecule is read in one of three possible reading frames, depending on the starting point. |
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Definition
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Term
| Any one of a number of specific RNA molecules that form part of the structure of a ribosome and participate in the synthesis of proteins. Often distinguished by their sedimentation coefficient, such as 28S rRNA or 5S rRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Particle composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins that associates with messenger RNA and catalyzes the synthesis of protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| An RNA molecule possessing catalytic properties. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single stranded polynucleotide in the form of a chain of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. It is synthesized when an RNA polymerase copies the nucleotide sequence of DNA. RNA serves a variety of functions in cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA molecule on a DNA template from nucleoside triphosphate precursors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Broad term for the modifications that an RNA undergoes as it reaches its mature form. For a eucaryotic mRNA, processing typically includes capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Process in which intron sequences are excised from RNA molecules in the nucleus during the formation of messenger RNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA molecules of around 200 nucleotides involved in RNA splicing. |
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Definition
| small nuclear RNA (snRNA) |
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Term
| Large assembly of RNA and protein molecules that splices introns out of pre-mRNA in eucaryotic cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| A process that uses one strand of DNA as the template to synthesize a complementary RNA sequence, sometimes termed the primary transcript, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. |
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Definition
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Term
| Set of small RNA molecules used in protein synthesis as an interface (adaptor) between mRNA and amino acids. Each type of tRNA molecule is covalently linked to a particular amino acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein; occurs on a ribosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein that promotes the proper association of ribosomes with mRNA and is required for the initiation of protein synthesis. |
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Definition
| translation initiation factor |
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