Term
| Adjustment of sensitivity of a cell or organism following repeated stimulation. Can allow a response even when there is a high background level of stimulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP. An important component of some intracellular signaling pathways. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to an increase in Ca2+ ion concentration, through its interaction with the Ca2+ binding protein calmodulin. |
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Definition
| Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase |
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Term
| Small Ca2+ binding protein that modifies the activity of many target enzymes and membrane transport proteins in response to changes in Ca2+ concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| The molecular mechanisms by which cells detect and respond to external stimuli and send messages to other cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleotide generated fom ATP in response to hormonal stimulation of cell surface receptors. cAMP acts as a signaling molecule by activating protein kinase A; it is hydrolyzed to MP by a phosphodiesterase. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to a rise in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration |
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Definition
| Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) |
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Term
| Small protein made and secreted by cells that acts on neighboring cells to alter their behavior. Cytokines act via cell surface cytokine receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipid produced by the cleavage of membrande inositol phospholipids in respnonse to extracellular signals. Composed of two fatty acid chains linked to glycerol, it serves as a membrane-located signaling molecule ot help activate protein kinase C. |
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Definition
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Term
| Transmembrane receptor proteins that activate an intracellular enzyme (Either a spearate enzyme or part of the receptor itself) In response to ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor. |
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Definition
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Term
| Any molecule present outside the cell that can elicit a respnose inside the cell when the molecule binds to a receptor protein. Some of these molecules such as steroid hormones can enter cells and act on internal receptors where as others such as proteins act at receptors embedded in the plasma membrane and exposed on the cell surface. |
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Definition
| Extracellular signal molecule |
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Term
| Contains alpha, beta and gamma complexes activated by a GPCR. Binds to GTP, hydrolyzes and is inactivated by GDP. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell surface receptor that associates with an intracelluar G protein after receptor activation by an extracellular ligand. |
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Definition
| G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) |
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Term
| Complexes activated by a GPCR. Binds to GTP, hydrolyzes and is inactivated by GDP. |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical substance produced by one set of cells in a multicellular organism and transported via body fluids to a target tissue on which it exerts a specific effect |
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Definition
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Term
| Minor lipid components of plasma membranes that contain phosphorylated inositol derivatieves; important both for distinguishing different intracellular membranes and for signal transdution. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small intracellular signaling molecule produced during activation of the inositol phospholipid signaling pathway; causes Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. |
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Definition
| Inositol 1,4,5,-triphosphate (IP3) |
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Term
| Transmembrance receptor protein or protein complex that forms a gated ion channel that opens in response to the binding of a ligand to the external face of the channel. |
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Definition
| Ion-channel-coupled receptor |
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Term
| Molecule usually a protein that is part of the mechanism for transducing and transmitting signals inside a cell |
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Definition
| Intracellular signaling molecule |
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Term
| The set of proteins and small molecule second messengers that interact with each other to relay a signal from the cell membrane to its final destination in the cytoplasm or nucleus. |
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Definition
| Intracellular signaling pathway |
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Term
| Secreted signal molecule that acts at a short range on adjacent cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitogen activated protein kinase. Protein kinase that performs a crucial step in relaying signalas from cell surface receptors to the nucleus. It is the finals kinase in a three kinase sequence called the MAP kinase cascade. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Map-Kinase signaling module |
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Term
| Protein or protein complex that operates in an intracellular signaling pathway and can reversibly switch between an active and inactive state. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small, single subunit GTP-binding protein. Proteins of this family such as Ras and Rho, are part of many different signaling pathways. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small signalling molecule secreteed by a nerve cell at a chemical synapse to signal to the post synaptic cell. Acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and glycine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small highly diffusible molecule widely used as an intracellular signal |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptor proteins present inside a eucaryotic cell that can bind to signal molecules that enter the cell, such as steroid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that phosphorylates inositol phospholipids in the plasma membrane in response to signals received by a cell. he phosphorylated lipids become docking sites for intracellular signaling proteins. |
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Definition
| Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) |
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Term
| Enzyme associated with the plasma membrane that performs a crucial step in inositol phospolipid signaling pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| One of a very large number of enzymes that transfers the terminal phosphate group of ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to a rise in diacylglycerol and Ca2+ ions. |
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Definition
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Term
| enzyme taht removes by hydrolysis a phosphate group from a protein, often with high specificity for teh phosphorylated site. |
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Definition
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Term
| One of a large family of small GTP-binding proteins that help relay signals from cell surface receptors to the nucleaus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein that detects a stimulus usually a change in concetration of a specific molecule and then intitates a response. |
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Definition
| Receptor, receptor protein |
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Term
| Enzyme couple receptor with an extracellular signal binding domain and an intracellular kinase domain that phosphorylates signaling proteins on serine or threonine. |
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Definition
| Receptor serine/theorine kinase |
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Term
| Enzyme couple receptro in which the intracellular domain has a tyrosine kinase activity, which is activated by ligand binding to the receptors extracellular domain. |
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Definition
| Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) |
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Term
| small molecule formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal that helps to relay the signal to the interior of the cell. (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+) |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that phosphorylates specific proteins on serines or threonines |
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Definition
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Term
| Conversion of an impulse or stimulus from one physical or chemical form to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| molecule formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal that helps to relay the signal to the interior of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipophilic molecule related to cholesterol that acts as a hormone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that phosphorylates specific proteins on tyrosines |
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Definition
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