1. Different ares of the world with very similar climates have very different organisms.

2. Inhabitants of one part of the world are emore similar to other organisms in the same area than to organisms located elsewhere.

3.Oceanic Islands show the most specific biogeographic evidence for the role of history.

1. asymmetric abdomen

2. loss of a pair of legs (from 5 pairs to 4 pairs)

Taxon: Porifera

Name the pelagic stage or stages, is(are) the sexual stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both, is(are) the feeding stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both

pelagic stage: larva

sexual stage: benthic

feeding stage: benthic

-embedded in matrix of collagen

-spicules are not living (they are formed by amebocytte cells that are also found in profierans), made of either silica or calcium carbonate

-comparable to plastic and glass

-composite of loose and jelly-like and hard like

-flexible so they can sway with water current, so less damage to sponge

Taxon: Anthozoa

Name the pelagic stage or stages, is(are) the sexual stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both, is(are) the feeding stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both

pelagic stage: larva

sexual stage: benthic

feeding stage: benthic

Taxon: Scyphozoa

Name the pelagic stage or stages, is(are) the sexual stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both, is(are) the feeding stage(s) benthic, pelagic, or both

pelagic stage: larva and medusa

sexual stage: pelagic

feeding stage: both

a. how many cells thick is the ectoderm of a sponge?

b. what does this tell us about how the ectoderm accomplishes gas exchange?

c. what is the layer in b/w the ectoderm and endoderm and what to elements is it made of?

a. 1

b. diffusion

c. mesohyl, made of collage for flexibility and structures and spicules for rigidity.

a. how many cells thick is the ectoderm of a polyp?

b. in b/w cell layers there is the ___________, a layer composed primarily of ____. corals also secrete a hard skeleton make of ________

a. 1

b. mesoglea, collagen, calcium carbonate

a.naked abdomen

b.asymmetric abdomen: shell is curved in one direction, the shell is a constraint b/c can't grow larger than available shells and have to keep the naked abdomens

-phylum Choanoflagellida

-Bauplan requirements: nutrition, support, gas exchange

-nutrition carried out by the cells on the outside (catch all the food)

-amoebocytes: can crawl around through the colony, go up to all the collar cells and take the partially digested food and take it to other cells

-collar cells (filter cells): rod-like psuedopodia (flagella in the middle), water passes through and particles get caught

1. blueprint of an organism

2. multicellular animals need some sort of requirements

-Bauplan Requirements: division of labor, nutrition, excretion, support

-unicellular organism

-don't need multicellularity to get some level of complexity

-mouth and anus are same

-has a level of organization

-internal structured (digestive)

-water expulsion vesicle for excreting waste

-attachment structure at bottom (hold it down)

-dispersal of offsprings by cilia

-support from cell wall

-receive nutrition from cilia

-cells that have a cell fate

-determined cell fate

-cells cannot change into other cells

-division of labor external flagella (dispersal)

-lives as a colony of cells w/ covering that sort of holds them together

-there is a division of labor among the cell types

-the cells on the outside have a flagella that beat with rhythmic synchronicity, not totipotent cells (once they have reached this rate they can not de-differentiate)

-gas exchange through diffusion ( 1 layer of cells, get rid of waste)

-independent lineage form the green algae

-Bauplan requirements: division of Labor, nutrition excretion, support, dispersal, gas exchange, and reproduction

-ontogeny (zygote to a multicellular organism)

-predictable division of labor in external flagella

-internal sex cells

-gas exchange (depended on diffusion, limit to the ability to create more bigger forms)

-single layer of cells (not thick layers)

-each cell must be in contact w/ walls

-nutrition, excretion

-single layer of choanocytes

-as the pump extract every single particle in the water

-epithelial cells: help hold colony together

-pore cells: allow water to pass through

-diffusion: mode of gas exchange

-don't move

-colony of cells

-every part of a coral reef has sponges

-1980 graph of discovery Bay jamaica (estimated amount of water that is pushed through the reef by sponges)[water is clear b/c it is pumped by sponges everyday]

-discovery Bay Jamaica (until hurricane)

-more organized than Proterosporgia

-reproduce asexually or sexually

-similar to choanoflagellates (collar cells), making them closest relatives to animals

-flagella and pseudopodia --> water movement thru it and capture particles

-single layer of choanocytes does the pumping (nutrition and excretion)

-attack w/ chemical warfare or overgrow each other

-competition for space and food

-self-nonself recogn (imitation of immune system)

-1 layer of cells

-advantages: surface area (double in size)

-disadvantages: risking chance that one of the colonies or the other might take over the reproduction of the entire colongy

-birth of the pelago-benthic life cycle

-larva are non feeding

-larva get to bottom of ocean and perform metamorphosis

-having cilia on inside increases surface area

-most p-b life cycles are characterized by metamorphosis

-they know they have reached bottom b/c of abundance of bacteria

-difference b/w sponge and choanoflagellates is that sponges metamorphisize and cilia go inside

direct: choanoflagellates, no metamorphosis, loose intermediate stage (collar cells on outside)

in-direct: metamorphosis (sponges)

-have tissues and nematocysts (tissue are groups of similar cells [nerves & muscles]), are poison or neurotoxin

-no forward movement

-truely coordinated organism

-form symbiotic relationships w/ lots of marine organisms, take products formed by photosynthesis and use for nutrition

-metridium (sea anenome)

-trap shrimp

-blind gut: mouth and anus are same

-mesoglea: layer of choanogenist material on isde

-body plan is a lot like sponges body plan

-tentacle and nerve net (tissue grade of organization)

-polyp

-sea anemones, corals, gorgonians

-layer of collagen --> mesoglea (nonliving)

-thick layers of cells on outside and iside

-digestive tracts takes place in central cavity

-Ectoderm- protects (epitheliemuscular cells)

-Endoderm (food vacuoles) digestive enzyme cells, and nutritive muscular cells

-digestion takes place inside polyp as a whole

-collar cells w/ multiple functions but still true tissues

1. calcium carbonate (exoskeleton, protection against predators, coral each polyp constructs its own skeleton, not seen in sea anenomes, only in coral) *when polyp dies, new polyp has to build its own new skeleton

2. hydrostatic skeleton (sea anemones, use water as their skeleton, squeezes water and transfers force to another part of the polyp, b/c water has virtually no compression , making it a perfect medium to transfer energy)

-non feeding larva

-much like sponge life cycle

-only pelagic stage is the larva

-colony of polyp connected together by tubes called stolon, little tube that passes water through colony sometimes referred to as gastro-vascular tube (why sea anemones are diff from other organisms)

-connected through nerves and reproduce asexually

-each polyp has specific size and shape

-after producing asexually forms connected colonies of polyps

-polyps act as individuals

-uninterrupted growth in corals

-function with hydrostatic skeleton

-use mesoglea and water

anthozoa have a DOL at cellular level and tissue level, no division of labor among polyps(all identical)

-hyrdozoa: there is DOL

-can grow off the surface of a colony, but having the polyps budding off one another, as well as across the stolon

-rules of growth: 1. asexual polyp produce (connected=colony, not connected= individual adult polyps like the sea anemone) 2. both stolons and polyps can produce new polyps

-hydrozoan colony

-live on hermit crab shells (form polyps)

-solitary polyp (only hydrozoan) no colony

-bud

-release medusa (no guarantee it will get to the sexual stage in time in the proximity of hermit crab)

-send stolons over other colony, fill them up with nematocysts and jab them into the other colony

-jellyfish stage

-tentacles

-Rhopallium: tell whether they are up right, uses gravity (as medusa tilts one way, the statocyst touches against the other side and tells the medusa to get back up)

-medusa has a lot more mesoglea (jelly) than a polyp (mesoglea is really thin)

-more intelligent than a polyp b/c of nerve ring

-gastrovascular canals

-nerve net

pelago-benthic cycle

-in the anthozoa, the polyp is the sexual stage

-in this life cycle, the polyps is the asexual stage

-this is referred to as the alternation of sexual and asexual generations (these are the only animals that have this life cycle)

-can bisect the organism at any particular angle and each side will be a mirror image of the other

-reason for circular nerve net

1. medusae no longer released, and 2. medusae development is arrested, become sexual while still attached to colongy

-lost medusa stage by changing rules of growth (medusa isn't released and reproductive polyp stays connected to the colony, making the colony itself the sexual stage b/c the gametes are released from the colony not the medusa stage)

-true jellyfish

-never lose the medusa stage

-individual medusa is genetically identical to the other medusa's released by the same polyp

-determinal growth b/c individual ... a colony is indeterminate growth

-polyp is asexual stage and medusa is sexual stage

-sea wasp

-hydrostatic skeleton

-sophisticated movement

-four part symmetry

-paralyzes fish instantly, grabs and puts in mouth

-cubomedusa eye: images forming eyes, similar to human eye

-siphonophora hydrozoa

-Portuguese Man o' War

-polyp at top

-tissue grade of organization

-nerves, muscles

-biradial symmetry

-thin layers of cells on either side of mesoglea (diffusion-> gas exchange and excretion)

-no nematrocysts

-no hydrostatic skeleton

-bioluminescent

-Choan and prof (metamorphsis added in porfiera stage)

-anthozoa and hydrozoa (medusa stage added in hydrozoan stage)

-both added by process of terminal addition

-platyhelminthes have new tissue layer called mesoderm that has potential to go on and invent new structures (3 tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

-cnidarians have 2 tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm)

-1st to make it onto land

-some have larva

-free living flatworms

-brached set

-mostly marine

-1st invasion of land (Turbellaria)

-bilateralists and cephalization (bilaterality and foward movement leads to cephazliation (create head) --> introduction of brain

-predictable movement in one direction

-excretory system: generates a current of water that flows through the channels and through diffusion in the cell wall of the flame cells the waste gets passed (like mini kidneys)

-hermaphrodites: has testes and ovaries throughout the body, brought to you by mesoderm

-most are parasitic

-missing a respiratory system (reason for being flat)

-no hydrostatic skeleton

-layer of cilia for movement

-internal fertilization (increases efficiency)

-some form of intelligence b/c must find each other and line up penis and vagina

-cilia on outer edge (move w/ cilia, tells us they are very small)

-flat and missing a respiratory system.. perform gas exchange through diffusion

-have muscles that contract against the collection of cells called the mesenchyme (cellular and living, unlike mesoglea)

-mouth is located basically at their belly (bad!!)

-their gut is the same as the central cavity of the cnidarian, which means the mouth is also the anus

-these are all parastic

-complicated life cycle

-multiple hosts

-segmented

-segmented

-might be eaten by a hollywood pop star

-once used in medicine (swallowed for weight loss)

-has serial homology

-reproductive organs repeated in each segment

-no gut food

-absorbs oxygen through skin

-Liver fluke

-multiple hosts

-fasten itself to liver and takes what it needs

-major difference from flatworm is that these guys have a coelom (water filled cavity that is fully lined w/ mesoderm, contribution to mesoderm[hydrostatic skeleton])

-divided into segments with legs coming off each segment

-setae: extensions from legs

-polychaeta: most abundant annelid

-earthworm (Oligachatae): most familiar of the annelids

-all annelids show serial homology

-nephridia: tiny little kidneys that secrete waste

-parapodia: paddle like structures

-each segment has its own coelom that is not connected to the next one

-the gut and circulatory system or reproductive organs goes through the whole thing

-phylogenetic homology (trait in 2 organisms that was present in common ancestor)

-this is what flatworms are missing

-annelids have closed circulatory system

-oxygen comes in through the skin (this is why earthworms have to remain wet)

-capillaries: collect the oxygen and brought back to blood vessels

-finally have an efficient mechanism for gas exchange

-advantages of having a circulatory system: can be as thick as you want; can get a lot larger; more energy and movement

-parapodia can act as gills: gill is a gas exchange organ (has a lot of small capillaries)

-complexity at the cellular level (Annelids) b/c of circulatory system (all comes from mesoderm)

-different parts of the body are specialized for different functions

-serial repeating units, have potential for division of labor

-Ctenophoras also have it

-food goes in one end and out the other

-allows you to specialize

-crop and gizzard (digestion) and the end (absorbs nutrients)

-mouth is at front, instead of middle

-allows the head to focus on feeding

1. coelom

2. serial homology

-allows worm to dig

-powerful forward movement

-only longitudinal muscles important alternate sides relaxing and contract

-differential contraction on one side of the body then the other

-two sets of longitudinal body (one set on the right and one on the left)

-this is only permited cuz the coelem is confined to its segment

-synergry: interaction of 2 or more agents so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects

  -have serial homology interacting w/ hydrostatic skeleton to move rapidly

interaction of 2 or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects

-cephilzation results from the combination of two things: nervous system and forward movement

-cellular complexity: mesoderm (3 tissue layers), circulatory system

-much larger size results from circulatory system, flow through gut, and more efficient feeding

1. bauplan --> achieve things over bauplan

2. sheer size of organism over other organisms

coelom: hold most of our organs in place

serial homology: spine--> specialized

-Arthropods took basic annelid body plan and add one basic feature to it [covered body with a suit of armor made out of chitin]

-armor makes coloem completely useless [now it’s just a little bag to hold the organs]

-there is no linear movement with animal evolution, like plant evolution

-division of labor: certain segments specialized for walking, breathing, etc…

-rigid outer layer

-flexible articular membrane

-muscles are attached directly to the chitinous exoskeleton b/c no hydrostatic skeleton

-good at fine scale coordinated movement b/c of articulated skeleton

-humans also have an articulated skeleton

1. movement- armor renders the coelom useless (solved by articulated skeleton)

2. sensing the world became difficult with the cuticle in b/w the epidermis and the outside world. (solved by sending neurons up through the cuticle into sensory setae on the outside of the armor)

3. growth was restricted b/c cuticle is not living and can't grow (solution: molt--> problem cuz go through defenseless stage and use so much energy to make new skeleton)

4. gas exchange (solution: open circulatory system)

-arthropoda have open circulatory system, exoskelton made of chitin, and legs

-annelids have closed circulatory system and hydrostatic skeleton

-typical garden spider

-male is smaller, after mating eat male (courtship)

-Chelicerata

-extinct, we only have fossils remaining

-the 1st really good fossil record discovered

-pilbug is the only crestacean to fully colonize land

-mostly marine

-Balanus (barnacle): builds a completely exterior fortress, fixed to substrate, shrimp like things standing on their heads, performs internal fertilization [all arthropods do this]

-myriapoda entirely terrestrial

-can eat mouse

-breathing is another problem when you get onto land [when you are on land, getting the oxygen out of straight air is hard]

- have little tiny holes that lead tot he surface and trachea

-trachea delivers air directly to tissues

-no pumping going on in these structures

-arthropods already had articulated skeleton and cuticle, so they were ready to get onto land

-one pair of pre-oral antennae (uniramous)

-all other appendages biramous

-every single appendage in a Chelicerate is uniramous

-cephalothorax: has 6 uniramous appendages, have lost gill branches

-abdomen: all gills are uniramous, have lost walking branches

head: 5 appendages, 2 antennae, 3 feeding

trunk: all appendages biramous

-all legs are uniramous, walking branches only

-all have trachea and spiracles

-wings are extensions of the cuticle (have blood flowing into them, living part of the body)

-Wings are used for flying (advantages: finding food, escape, allows host-specificity)

-Three theories for why wings arose (intermediate stage; half-wings):

-secondary evolved metamorphosis

-closest thing to direct development

-when it come out of egg, looks like a mini adult

imaginal disk: has all the basic instructions needed to produce the butterfly

-the butterfly grows out of the imaginal disk

-represent a higher level of organization than other organisms because they live in these big societies, they cooperate, able to have very specific temperatures in different parts of the mound

-division of labor

-there is a queen and king, with different types of termites

-the unit of organization is the individual