Term
A rod cell will break down glucose to pyruvate in a reaction called
a)glycogenolysis b) glycogenesis c) gluconeogenesis d) glycolysis e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
2. The most important function of complex polysaccharide molecules is
a) information storage b) energy storage for eventual use as a fuel molecule
c) movement d) membrane e) none of the above |
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Definition
| b) energy storage for eventual use as a fuel molecule |
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Term
3. In total darkness: (no photons)
a) rods are incapable of sensory transduction
b) photoreceptor Na+ gates are open
c) the neurotransmitter glutamate is continually released
d) a, b, and c
e) b and c |
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Definition
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Term
Gustatory receptors
a) are chemoreceptors b) are located in structures called taste buds
c) are connected to afferent neurons d) two of the above e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
5. This system contains a 4th order neuron
a) visual b) general senses c) vestibular d) olfactory e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
6. The second order neurons in the gustatory projection pathway synapse in the ________ and _______ nuclei.
a) thalamic; temporal sensory cortex b) hypothalamic; thalamic
c) cochlear; thalamic d) ocular; amygdale e) none of the above |
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Definition
| b) hypothalamic; thalamic |
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Term
7. Sound is transferred from the oval window into _________ called the ___________.
a) a gel; aqueous humor b) a liquid; perilymph c) a liquid; endolymph d) a bone; maleus
e) air; middle ear |
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Definition
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Term
8. Heat is what type of energy?
a) kinetic energy of molecular motion b) potential energy of molecular motion
c) steam d) mechanical e) electromagnetic |
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Definition
| a) kinetic energy of molecular motion |
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Term
9. The “Organ of Corti”
a) is found in the cochlear duct b) is the structure that houses the auditory hair cells
c) is found in the vestibular system d) a and b e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Pain is modulated when efferent reflexes release
a) substance P b) endorphins c) histamine d) proteins e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
2. Mast cells and macrophage cells are located in ___________ tissue for ____________.
a) muscle tissue; contract
b) connective tissue; support
c) connective tissue; immune responses
d) bone tissue; bone deposition
e) integument; thermoregulation |
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Definition
| connective tissue; immune responses |
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Term
3. Nutrients reach the epidermis through the process of ________.
a) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin
b) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis
c) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
d) active transport
e) filtration |
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Definition
| c) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis |
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Term
4. The cells responsible for manufacturing and secreting acid phosphatase are
a) osteoblasts b) osteogenic cells c) osteoclasts d) osteocytes e) two of these |
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Definition
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Term
5. If a person is too hot, a negative feedback loop involving _______ glands will help re-establish homeostasis of body temperature.
a) merocrine b) ceruminous c) sebaceous d) apocrine e) two of these |
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Definition
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Term
6. Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
a) provide the melanocyte with a protective shield against abrasion
b) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
c) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules
d) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
e) manufacture vitamin D |
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Definition
| b) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer |
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Term
7. A Swedish woman (white skin, light colored eyes) living in equatorial Africa and working outdoors should be especially concerned about
a) consuming sufficient quantities of vitamin-D fortified milk
b) using too much sunscreen
c) accumulating toxic levels of folic acid
d) the possibility of birth defects should she become pregnant
e) none of these |
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Definition
| d) the possibility of birth defects should she become pregnant |
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Term
8. An astronaut who has been in outer space for six months would have bones with
a) increased thickness b) decreased mass/density c) very thick articular cartilage
d) a complete absence of osteoclasts e) two of these
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Definition
| b) decreased mass/density |
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Term
9. The secretions of an osteoclast include__________ and function to _________.
a)Hydrogen ions, acid phosphatase; digest calcium salts and collagen
b)neutrons, acid phosphatase; digest calcium salts and collagen
c)collagen, calcium carbonate; strengthen bone
d)hydroxyapatite; strengthen bone
e)two of the above |
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Definition
| a)Hydrogen ions, acid phosphatase; digest calcium salts and collagen |
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Term
10. If a tumor has stopped all secretion of hormone from the parathyroid gland, we would expect
a) a reduced level of osteoclast activity.
b) a reduced level of osteoblast activity.
c) an increase in calcitriol concentration
d) a rise in blood calcium concentration.
e) increasingly brittle bones. |
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Definition
| a) a reduced level of osteoclast activity. |
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Term
11. Which of the following are steps in bone healing or remodelling?
a) hematoma formation b) hard callus formation c) glycogenesis d) a and b e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
17. Gasses move according to the laws of physics. Since this is true, where will the highest concentration (pressure) of CO2 be located inside a cell?
a) in the nucleus b) in the golgi apparatus c) in the cytosol d) in the mitochondria e) it will be in equilibrium |
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Definition
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Term
18. What type of membrane is located in the digestive system?
a) serous b) muscle c) mucous d) synovial e) epithelium |
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Definition
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Term
19. Sebaceous glands
a) produce a substance called sebum that is rich in protein and fatty acids
b) are holocrine glands
c) are only found in the arm pits and the groin region
d) delivers its’ secretions by exocytosis
e) two of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The secretory cell known as the osteoclast uses what transport mechanism to move hydrogen ions from the interstitium to the bone matrix?
a) simple diffusion b) facilitated diffusion c) active transport d) osmosis e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
21. Histamine is a substance secreted by _________ that functions to ____________
a) connective tissue; thermoregulate the body heat
b) a mast cell; vasoconstrict blood vessels
c) a fibroblast; thin the blood
d) an osteoclast; resorb or digest bone matrix
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
22. The functional unit of bone is called the:
a) chondrocyte b) osteocyte c) osteon d) fibrocyte e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
23. Melanocytes produce a pigment called melanin which is composed of colored
a) lipid molecules b) protein molecules c) carbohydrate molecules d) two of the above e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________, takes place in the _________ and needs no oxygen.
a) fermentation; cytosol
b) glycolysis; cytosol
c) citric acid cycle; mitochondrial matrix
d) electron transport; mitochondrial inner membrane
e) pyruvate oxidation; mitochondrial inner membrane |
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Definition
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Term
Cells in a fish's gills pump out salt even though the salt water the fish lives in has a greater concentration of salts than the cells themselves do. What process do you think these cells must use to remove the salt?
a) facilitated diffusion b) osmosis c) passive transport d) diffusion e) active transport |
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Definition
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Term
26. A good location to find smooth muscle would be
a) the heart b) surrounding the digestive tract c) all serous membranes d) two of the above
e) none of the above |
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Definition
| b) surrounding the digestive tract |
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Term
27. The erector pili muscle
a)is found in the dermis attached to a hair
b)functions to raise the hair to aid in thermoregulation
c)is found in the digestive tract to close openings (sphincter muscle)
d)a and b
e)b and c |
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Definition
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Term
28. Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
a) circulating antibodies b) molecular transport through the membrane c) forms a lipid bilayer
d) oxygen transport e) enhances cell immunity |
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Definition
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Term
29. ________ is fat (lipid) soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function.
a) vitamin K b) cortisol c) vitamin A d) vitamin D e) folic acid |
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Definition
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Term
Hypercalcemia results in which of the following disorders?
a) muscle weakness and cardiac arrest (the heart can stop)
b) excessive excitability of the nervous system
c) osteoporosis
d) all of the above
e) none of the above |
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Definition
| a) muscle weakness and cardiac arrest (the heart can stop) |
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Term
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
a) it is more vascularized. b) it contains more nuclei. c) fibers are not normally visible.
d) it has more elastic fibers. e) two of these. |
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Definition
| c) fibers are not normally visible. |
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Term
32. Matrix is composed of ________.
a) cells and fibers b) fibers and ground substance c) ground substance and cells
d) all organic compounds e) all of the above
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Definition
| b) fibers and ground substance |
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Term
33. The sutures of the skull in a teenager are good examples of this type of joint
a) bony b) fibrous c) catilagenous d) synovial e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
34. Which of the following are classified as lipid macromolecules?
a) cholesterol
b) neutral (non-polar) amino acids
c) steroids
d) two of the above
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
35. Keritinocytes
a) are secratory cells
b) produce a substance called melanin
c) are activated by ultra-violet light
d) two of the above
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
36. Intra-membranous bone formation occurs in which of the following?
a) tibia b) femur c) parietal bones of the skull d) b and c e) all of the above |
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Definition
| c) parietal bones of the skull |
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Term
37. The ground substance of the matrix of cartilage is
a) the protein elastin
b) the protein collagen
c) hydroxyapatite
d) chondroitin sulfate
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
38. Which of the following is an epidermal cell with a sensory function?
a) a keratinocyte
b) a melanocyte
c) a plasma cell
d) a dendritic (Langerhans) cell
e) a Merkel (tactile) cell |
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Definition
| e) a Merkel (tactile) cell |
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Term
39. In endochondral bone formation,
a) cartilage matrix is replaced by bone matrix
b) osteoclasts dissolve the hyaline cartilage
c) osteoblasts deposit hydroxyapatite
d) two of the above
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
40. The matrix of osseous tissue that we consider the protein would be
a) collagen b) elastin c) hydroxyapatite d) osteoblasts and osteocytes e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
41. Which of the following will affect the RATE of a chemical reaction?
a) concentration of substrates and/or products
b) enzyme catalysts
c) temperature
d) b and c
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
42. Among this cell’s secretions include the protein elastin
a) osteoblast b) osteoclast c) chondrocyte d) two of the above e) none of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
3. The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________, takes place in the _________ and needs no oxygen.
a) fermentation; cytosol
b) glycolysis; cytosol
c) citric acid cycle; mitochondrial matrix
d) electron transport; mitochondrial inner membrane
e) pyruvate oxidation; mitochondrial inner membrane |
|
Definition
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Term
4. The number and arrangement of electrons in an atoms outer energy level (shell) determines its
a) chemical properties b) atomic number c) molecular weight d) atomic weight e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
5. The tissue responsible for the movement of food substrates through your digestive tract (from mouth to anus) is
a) epithelial b) connective c) muscle d) nervous e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
6. DNA is a(n) __________ and is the code for the production of ___________
a) nucleic acid; carbohydrates
b) nucleotide; all compounds in a cell
c) nucleic acid; proteins
d) nucleic acid; all macromolecules
e) enzyme; lipids |
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Definition
| c) nucleic acid; proteins |
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Term
7. Water has a high surface tension resulting from its
a) polarity b) adhesion c) high heat capacity d) solvency e) two of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
8. One primary function of the tissue known as epithelia is
a) to allow the human body to move
b) to control permeability of substances wanting to get in and out of the body
c) to communicate to other cells
c) a and b
d) all of the above |
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Definition
| b) to control permeability of substances wanting to get in and out of the body |
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Term
9. DNA could code for synthesis of which of the following
a)steroid hormones b) glycogen c) protein d) two of the above e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
10. A common catabolic reaction is:
a)synthesis of ATP b) dehydration synthesis of amino acids c) glycogenesis d) gluconeogenesis
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
11. A glass of pure water is composed of which type(s) of bond(s)?
a) hydrogen b) covalent c) ionic d) two of the above e) all of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
12. Which of the following are classified as lipid macromolecules?
a) cholesterol b) neutral (non-polar) amino acids c) steroids d) two of the above e) all of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
13. Which of the following DO NOT influence the rate of diffusion through a membrane?
a)solute concentration b) membrane permeability c) ATP concentration d) membrane surface area e) all of them influence the rate |
|
Definition
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Term
14. A catalyst (enzyme)
a)is often a protein
b)changes the result of the chemical reaction
c)is not altered by the reaction process
d)a and c
e)all of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
15. Which of the following are hydrophillic?
a)lipids b) cholesterol c) water d) all of the above e) none of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
16. The general formula for a carbohydrate is
a)CHO b) C2HO c) CHO2 d) CHN2 e) none of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
17. The process of ________ would stop if a poison blocked ATP synthesis
a)osmosis b) diffusion c) active transport d) facilitated diffusion e) all of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
18. Gasses move according to the laws of physics. Since this is true, where will the highest concentration (pressure) of CO2 be located inside a cell?
a) in the nucleus b) in the mitochondria c) in the golgi apparatus d) in the cytosol
e) it will be in equilibrium |
|
Definition
|
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Term
19. A physiological tissue is best described as
a)a group of cells called an organ
b)a group of cells performing a specific function
c)a soft paper substance used to blow your nose
d)two of the above
e)none of the above |
|
Definition
| b)a group of cells performing a specific function |
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Term
20. ATP produced by a cell will move from place to place within the cell by the process of
a) simple diffusion b) osmosis c) active transport d) facilitated diffusion e) all of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
21. Which of the following statements is NOT true about all enzymes?
a) are proteins.
b) lower the activation energy of reactions.
c) operate at the same optimum pH.
d) can be identified because their names end in - ase.
e) often require a coenzyme/cofactor to work effectively. |
|
Definition
| c) operate at the same optimum pH. |
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Term
22. When you eat a tortilla, the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the tortilla are chemically broken down in your small intestine. This is an example of
a) dehydration synthesis b) anabolism c) catabolism d) two of these e) none of these |
|
Definition
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Term
23. Which of the following will affect the RATE of a chemical reaction?
a) concentration of substrates and/or products
b) enzyme catalysts
c) temperature
d) b and c
e) all of the above |
|
Definition
|
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Term
24. All organisms display a hierarchy of organization. Which of the following sequences is an accurate example of that sequence starting from the small end of the hierarchy and getting more complex?
a) vesicle, simple epithelium, lung, proton, respiratory system, epithelial cell, carbon, amino acid
b) digestive system, stomach, squamous epithelium, epithelial cell, ribosome, ATP, oxygen, neutron
c) electron, hydrogen, glucose, Golgi complex, muscle cell, smooth muscle tissue, uterus, reproductive system
d) sodium, proton, sodium chloride, cardiac muscle tissue, heart, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cardiovascular system
e) two of the above |
|
Definition
| c) electron, hydrogen, glucose, Golgi complex, muscle cell, smooth muscle tissue, uterus, reproductive system |
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Term
25. The final electron acceptor during aerobic respiration is
a) H2O b) NAD+ c) ATP d) O2 e) two of these |
|
Definition
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Term
26. In a sample of nucleic acid, 15% of the nitrogenous bases are thymine and 30% are cytosine. Which type of molecule could this be?
a) mRNA b) rRNA c) DNA d) two of these e) all of these |
|
Definition
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Term
28. An enzyme is a _______________ with a conformation specific to the ____________ it catalyses
a)carbohydrate; solution
b)protein; carbohydrate
c)hormone; reaction
d)protein; substrates
e)none of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
29. Given these characteristics of a transport process: 1. moves down the concentration gradient AND 2. does not require energy AND 3. requires carrier molecules, which of these processes is described?
a) diffusion b) facilitated diffusion c) active transport d) exocytosis e) phagocytosis |
|
Definition
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Term
30. The first reaction in glycolysis is a(n) __________reaction that uses an enzyme called __________ and requires ________
a) catabolic; phosphofructokinase; phosphate
b) anabolic; myokinase; ATP synthesis
c) dehydration synthesis; hexokinase; ATP hydrolysis
d) hydrolysis; hexokinase; ATP hydrolysis
e) catabolic; glucolase; glycogenolysis |
|
Definition
| d) hydrolysis; hexokinase; ATP hydrolysis |
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Term
2. ATP produced by a cell will move from place to place within the cell by the process of
a) simple diffusion b) osmosis c) active transport d) facilitated diffusion e) all of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
3. If the membrane potential for a neuron becomes more negative than it was at rest, the neuron is said to be ___________ and is _________ excitable
a) depolarized; more b) hyperpolarized; more c) depolarized; less d) hyperpolarized; less
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
4. An enzyme is a _______________ with a conformation specific to the ____________ it catalyses
a)carbohydrate; solution b) protein; carbohydrate c) hormone; reaction
d) protein; substrates e) none of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
. The secretory cell known as the osteoclast uses what transport mechanism to move hydrogen ions from the interstitium to the bone matrix?
a) active transport b) facilitated diffusion c) simple diffusion d) osmosis e) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6. The first voltage-regulated gates encountered along the neuron membrane, which initiate the formation of action potentials, are located on the neuron near the _____.
a) dendritic membrane b) cell body c) trigger zone d) axon terminal e) two of these |
|
Definition
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Term
7. Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
a) circulating antibodies b) molecular transport through the membrane c) forms a lipid bilayer
d) oxygen transport e) enhances cell immunity |
|
Definition
| b) molecular transport through the membrane |
|
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Term
8. If a neuron’s sodium-potassium pump suddenly stopped pumping, the result would be
a) inability of the sodium ligand (chemical) gates to open
b) inability of the potassium ligand gates to open
c) the resting potential would eventually reach a value of 0.0 millivolts
d) all of the above
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
| c) the resting potential would eventually reach a value of 0.0 millivolts |
|
|
Term
9. Matrix is composed of ________.
a) cells and fibers b) fibers and ground substance c) ground substance and cells
d) all organic compounds e) all of the above |
|
Definition
|
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Term
10. A graded potential is described by all of the following except
a) a graded potential is reversible
b) a graded potential is decrimental
c) a graded potential can summate
d) a graded potential begins at threshold
e) all of the above describe a graded potential |
|
Definition
| d) a graded potential begins at threshold |
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Term
11. Conduction velocity of an action potential is directly related to the diameter of the axon.
a) true b) false c) trick question, conduction velocity is ONLY related to myelination. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
12. In the equation I = V/R
a)I = current, V = voltage, and R = resistance
b)I = flow of ions, V = potential difference between intra and extra cellular fluid, and R is related to membrane permeability
c)I= Inert Ion concentration , V = Ion Variance, R = Ion Ratio
d)a and b
e)all of the above |
|
Definition
|
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Term
13. Postsynaptic potentials
a) result from the opening of chemically gated ion channels.
b) may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing.
c) may be summed.
d) b and c.
e) a, b, and c |
|
Definition
|
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Term
14. The refractory period
a)limits the rate the neuron can depolarize b) has an absolute and a relative portion
c) occurs when IPSP’s reach threshold d) a and b e) all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
15. Which of the following glial cells is responsible for the blood brain barrier?
a)ependymal b) schwann cell c) microglial d) oligodendrocyte e) astrocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
16. If a neurotransmitter binds to and opens a sodium gate
a)the post synaptic cell is excited (EPSP)
b)the post synaptic cell will hyperpolarize
c)the gate must be a voltage gate
d)all of the above
e)some of the above |
|
Definition
| a)the post synaptic cell is excited (EPSP) |
|
|
Term
17. An action potential is always the same amplitude because
a)the Na+ voltage gates are open for a specific length of time
b)the concentration of Na+ ions moving through the gates is always the same
c)it exhibits the “all or none” characteristic
d)a and b
e)b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18. The glial cells that fight infections in the CNS are called
a) astrocytes b) microglia c) oligodendrocytes d) ependymal cells e) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19. A neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft when _________ enters the synaptic knob and is broken down by __________ on the post-synaptic membrane.
a) calcium; hexokinase
b) potassium; voltage gates
c) calcium; an enzyme
d) sodium; an enzyme
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20. The locomotion function of the spinal cord is possible due to
a) ascending and descending tracts
b) self perpetuating (triggering) circuits known as central pattern generators
c) efferent or motor nerves
d) all of the above
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
| b) self perpetuating (triggering) circuits known as central pattern generators |
|
|
Term
21. How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate (it remains open)?
a) It would be much briefer. b) It would be basically unaffected. C) It would last indefinitely. |
|
Definition
| C) It would last indefinitely. |
|
|
Term
22. Post tetanic potentiation
a) results in long term memory
b) is due to synthesis of Ca++ in the synaptic knob
c) permanently alters the membrane channels, gates, and synapses
d) all of the above
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23. Assume an EPSP is being generated on the dendritic membrane. Which will occur?
a) voltage Na+ gates will open
b) chemical K+ gates will open
c) a single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of Na+ and Cl-
d) Na+ gates will open first then close as K+ gates open
e) none of these will occur |
|
Definition
| e) none of these will occur |
|
|
Term
24. Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by:
a) active transport back into the presynaptic axon terminal
b) enzymatic transformation into inactive substances.
c) diffusion away from the receptor site and the synaptic cleft.
d) two of these
e) all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
29. Which of the following is true with regard to the absolute refractory period?
a) Potassium channels are open and the membrane is hyperpolarized.
b) It immediately follows the relative refractory period.
c) It allows an action potential to proceed in two directions along the length of an axon.
d) It occurs when the sodium channels are open
e) two of these are true |
|
Definition
| d) It occurs when the sodium channels are open |
|
|
Term
30. Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in
a) a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
b) decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid.
c) loss of the structural framework of the brain.
d) loss of sensation and motor control.
e) inability to produce scar tissue at the site of an injury. |
|
Definition
| d) loss of sensation and motor control. |
|
|
Term
31. Nutrients reach the epidermis through the process of ________.
a) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin
b) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis
c) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
d) active transport |
|
Definition
| c) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis |
|
|
Term
32. What type of current flows through the axon plasma membrane during the steep phase of REpolarization?
a) chiefly a sodium current b) chiefly a potassium current c) chiefly a calcium current
d) equal currents of sodium and potassium e) equal currents of calcium and potassium |
|
Definition
| b) chiefly a potassium current |
|
|
Term
33. Threshold stimuli are those which are strong enough to
a) repolarize the neuron membrane.
b) cause a net flux of positively charged ions from inside to outside the cell.
c) cause a net flux of positively charged ions from outside to inside the cell.
d) close potassium channels to the point that an action potential is initiated.
e) open potassium channels to the point that an action potential is initiated |
|
Definition
| c) cause a net flux of positively charged ions from outside to inside the cell. |
|
|
Term
34. All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they
a) are the simplest form of behavior. b) help preserve homeostasis. c) are automatic motor responses. d) cannot be modified by the brain. e) involve at least two neurons |
|
Definition
| b) help preserve homeostasis. |
|
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Term
35. An ___________ neuron is one that connects to a gland
a) afferent b) efferent c) motor d) a and c e) b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
36. A glass of pure water is composed of which type(s) of bond(s)?
a) hydrogen b) covalent c) ionic d) two of the above e) all of the above |
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37. All of the Ca++ outside the synaptic knob has mysteriously disappeared. This would inhibit the ability of the neuron to
a) produce action potentials
b) produce graded potentials
c) release the neurotransmitter
d) degrade the neurotransmitter
e) two of the above |
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Definition
| c) release the neurotransmitter |
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Term
38. Each of 5 presynaptic neurons synapse onto the soma of a single neuron. All of the neurons are producing 5 action potentials per second. If each increases the number of APs to 10 pulses per second, this would be an example of:
a) spatial summation b) temporal summation c) synaptic summation d) none of the above |
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39. A neuron is firing action potentials at its maximum rate of 250 per second. What is the duration of its absolute refractory period?
a) 10 msec b) 20 msec c) 4 msec d) 40 msec e) 2 msec |
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Definition
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40. The tendon tap reflex was demonstrated in class as an example of a
a) poly-synaptic reflex b) mono-synaptic reflex c) central pattern generator d) tract e) ganglia |
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Definition
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41. A neurotransmitter
a)requires ATP for its synthesis
b)is transported to the end plate (knob) passively
c)requires ATP for its release and recycling
d)a and b
e)a and c |
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Definition
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42. If the permeability of a resting axon to sodium ion increases,
a) the membrane potential will depolarize.
b) threshold will become -60 mV.
c) inward movement of sodium ions will increase.
d) outward movement of potassium ions will decrease.
e) all of thes |
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2. If a post-ganglionic neuron releases a chemical that binds to a muscarinic receptor, this neuron belongs to the _________ nervous system.
a) sympathetic
b) parasympathetic
c) sensory
d) somatic
e) all of the above |
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3. The phrase “cross-bridge cycle” describes:
a) the binding of actin and myosin, power-stroke, detachment of actin and myosin, and the hydrolysis of ATP
b) the activation of the muscle fiber
c) the relaxation of the muscle fiber
d) the dehydration synthesis of ATP from ADP and P
e) none of the above |
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Definition
| a) the binding of actin and myosin, power-stroke, detachment of actin and myosin, and the hydrolysis of ATP |
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Term
4. DNA could code for synthesis of which of the following
a)steroid hormones b) glycogen c) protein d) two of the above e) all of the above |
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Definition
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5. The perimysium
a) is the connective tissue covering a fascicle
b) is another name for the sarcolemma
c) is the connective tissue covering the myofiber
d) two of the above
e) none of the above |
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Definition
| a) is the connective tissue covering a fascicle |
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Term
6. Which of the following explains why treppe takes place in muscle contractions?
a) decreased calcium levels around the myofibrils b) increased sodium around the myofibrils c) increased calcium levels around the myofibrils d) decreased potassium around the myofibrils |
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Definition
| c) increased calcium levels around the myofibrils |
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7. During prolonged (90 or more minutes) exercise the preferred energy source for skeletal muscle is
a) plasma glucose b) muscle glycogen c) plasma fatty acids d) muscle triglycerides e) all of these |
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Definition
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8. Targets (effectors) of the parasympathetic nervous system include all of the following except ______.
a) cardiac muscle b) exocrine glands c) smooth muscle of the digestive tract d) endocrine glands e) all of the above are targets |
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Definition
| e) all of the above are targets |
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Term
9. As a muscle fiber begins to fatigue, you would expect to see higher levels of __________
a) ATP b) hydrogen ions c) creatine phosphate d) lactic acid e) two of the above |
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Definition
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10. The distance from one Z disc to the next is called the ____ and it ____ during a concentric contraction.
a) sarcomere; shortens b) sarcomere; lengthens c) sarcoplasm; shortens |
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Definition
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11. This is the outer protective layer of the central nervous system (CNS)
a) pia mater b) perineurium c) endomysium d) arachnoid mater e) none of the above |
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Definition
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12. The efferent ___________ tract is critical for posture and balance
a) reticulospinal b) corpus callosum c) fasiculus d) spinocerebellar e) two of the above |
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Definition
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13. When you eat a tortilla, the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the tortilla are chemically broken down in your small intestine. This is an example of
a) dehydration synthesis b) anabolism c) catabolism d) two of these e) none of these |
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Definition
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14. The vasomotor nuclei of the medulla has synapses to efferent neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system
a) True b) False |
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Definition
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Term
15. Given these characteristics of a transport process: 1. moves down the concentration gradient AND 2. does not require energy AND 3. requires carrier molecules, which of these processes is described?
a) diffusion b) facilitated diffusion c) active transport d) exocytosis e) phagocytosis |
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Definition
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16. What type of membrane is located in the digestive system?
a) serous b) muscle c) mucous d) synovial e) epithelium |
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Definition
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17. Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
a) white muscle (meat) b) fast-contracting c) relatively large supply of myoglobin
d) limited vascular supply e) all of these belong together |
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Definition
| c) relatively large supply of myoglobin |
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18. When Robin kicks a soccer ball, her leg makes contact with the ball by _______ of the knee. This is an example of a/an __________ contraction of the quadriceps.
a) flexion; concentric b) flexion; eccentric c) extension; eccentric
d) extension; concentric e) flexion; isometric |
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Definition
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19. What chemical is needed for both contraction and relaxation of a skeletal muscle?
a) calcium b) ATP c) ADP d) sodium e) two of these |
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Definition
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Term
20. Nerve fibers of the sympathetic division originate in the
a) brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
b) thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord
c) sacral and lumbar region of the spinal cord
d) cranial and lumbar region of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| b) thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord |
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Term
21. The matrix of osseous tissue that we consider the protein would be
a) collagen b) elastin c) hydroxyapatite d) osteoblasts and osteocytes e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
22. Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
a) circulating antibodies b) molecular transport through the membrane c) forms a lipid bilayer d) oxygen transport e) enhances cell immunity |
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Definition
| b) molecular transport through the membrane |
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Term
23. This _________ spinal tract, associated with voluntary limb muscle movement, is called the ________.
a) ascending; vestibulospinal tract
b) descending; corticospinal tract
c) ascending; spinothalamic tract
d) descending; fasiculus
e) ascending spinocerebellar |
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Definition
| b) descending; corticospinal tract |
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Term
24. __________ is a protein within a myofibril that blocks active sites on actin filaments
a) tropomyosin b) elastin c) guardiomyosin d) myosin e) titin |
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Definition
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25. An alpha adrenergic receptor will allow the movement of _______ ions _____ a post-synaptic cell
a)sodium ions; into
b)potassium; out of
c)sodium ions; out of
d)calcium; into
e)c and d |
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Definition
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31. The smallest amount of muscle tissue that can be activated by a neuron to produce force is
a) a single sarcomere b) a single muscle c) a single motor unit d) a single muscle fiber e) none of the above |
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Definition
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32. Which of the following is associated with increased sympathetic activity?
a) pupil constriction b) decreased respiratory rate c) decreased gastric motility
d) saliva secretion e) decreased heart rate |
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Definition
| c) decreased gastric motility |
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Term
33. All of the Ca++ outside the synaptic knob has mysteriously disappeared. This would inhibit the ability of the neuron to
a) produce action potentials
b) produce graded potentials
c) release the neurotransmitter
d) degrade the neurotransmitter
e) two of the above |
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Definition
| c) release the neurotransmitter |
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Term
34. You are chewing a piece of gum and grab one end of it and pull it out of your mouth. You create a nice, bright pink string of gum that runs from your hand to your lips. Which property of the gum have you just demonstrated?
a) excitability b) recoil c) extensibility d) elasticity e) contractility |
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Definition
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Term
35. Place the events of neuromuscular junction function in the correct order.
(1) ACh binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels
(2) An action potential causes the opening of Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.
(3) ACh unbinds from ligand-gated Na+ channels which close.
(4) Ca2+ initiates release of ACh from synaptic vesicles
(5) ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft
(6) Depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
(7) Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh to acetic acid and choline
a) 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7 b) 2, 4, 5, 1 ,6, 3, 7 c) 4, 3, 7, 1, 5, 2, 6 d) 6, 2, 7, 5, 4, 3, 1 |
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Definition
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36. The separate effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pacemaker region of the heart can best be described as _______.
a) synergistic b) complementary c) cooperative d) antagonistic e) none of these |
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Definition
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37. A decrease in body temperature is sensed by the ________ which communicates with the ________ of the brainstem to __________ output to the sympathetic nervous system.
a) cerebral cortex; pons; increase
b) hypothalamus; cardiac center; decrease
c) thalamus; basal nuclei; increase
d) hypothalamus; vasomotor center; increase
e) basal nuclei; pons;decrease |
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Definition
| d) hypothalamus; vasomotor center; increase |
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Term
38. A graded potential is described by all of the following except
a) a graded potential is reversible
b) a graded potential is decrimental
c) a graded potential can summate
d) a graded potential begins at threshold
e) all of the above describe a graded potential |
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Definition
| d) a graded potential begins at threshold |
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Term
39. An action potential is always the same amplitude because
a)the Na+ voltage gates are open for a specific length of time
b)the concentration of Na+ ions moving through the gates is always the same
c)it exhibits the “all or none” characteristic
d)a and b
e)b and c |
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Definition
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Term
40. The adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine are
a) nicotinic and muscarinic
b) beta and nicotinic
c) alpha and beta
d) muscarinic and alpha |
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Definition
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Term
41. Auditory (ears) input is processed in the _________ lobe of the _________.
a) temporal lobe; cerebral cortex
b) occipital lobe; cerebellum
c) parietal lobe; cerebral cortex
d) occipital; cerebral cortex
e) frontal; parietal cortex |
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Definition
| a) temporal lobe; cerebral cortex |
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Term
42. Threshold stimuli are those which are strong enough to
a) repolarize the neuron membrane.
b) cause a net flux of positively charged ions from inside to outside the cell.
c) cause a net flux of positively charged ions from outside to inside the cell.
d) close potassium channels to the point that an action potential is initiated.
e) open potassium channels to the point that an action potential is initiated |
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Definition
| c) cause a net flux of positively charged ions from outside to inside the cell. |
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Term
43. Two neurons, A and B, are each connected to 100 myofibers and 100 myofibers respectively. Motor unit A has a neuron with a resistance value 2 times higher than neuron B. Motor unit A has muscle fibers 2 times the cross sectional area as those in unit B. If both neurons receive the same input from the cortico-spinal pathway, which motor unit will be recruited first, and which will yield the greatest force?
a) unit A; unit B
b) unit B; unit B
c) unit B; unit A
d) unit A; unit A
e) unit A; both will produce equal force |
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