Bacteria are microorganisms in soil water and air that cause disease in humans and animals (bacillus, cocci, spirochete)

Archaea are prokaryotes that share traits with bacteria and eukaryotes

Fungi

plantae 

animalia

protists

plant like organisms that absorb nutrients after decomposing, some cause disease

autotrophs

heterotrophs

phototrophd

chemotrophs

+ is darker and has more peptidoglycan

- is lighter and has less peptidoglycan, more likely resistant to antibiotics

obligate aerobes

obligate anaerobes

faculative anaerobes

protobacteria (gram neg bacteria)

chlamydias (gram negative parasites that cause blindness)

spriochetes (pathogenic parasites lyme disease and syphilis)

cyanobacteria (plantlike bacteria)

Gram positive bacteria

Alpha- rhizobium

beta- nitrosomonas

gamma- e.coli

delta- myxobacteria

epsilon proteobacteria- helicobacter pylori

actinomycetes (decompose soil)

bacillus anthracis (cause of anthrax)

clostridium botulinum (cause of botulism)

staphylococcus and streptococcus 

mycoplasms (smallest known cells)

some live in extreme envirnoments (extremeophiles)

Extreme halophiles (live in high saline environments)

extreme thermophiles (live in very hot environments)

methanogens (live in marshes and swamps;produce methane waste product; strict anaerobes)

unicellular

some colonial

multicellular species

excavata

chromalveolata 

rhizaria

archaeaplastida

unikonta

photoautotrophs

heterotrophs

mixotrophs

have cytoskeleton and motified mitochondria and unique flagella

have a feeding groove

parabasalids

diplomonads

euglenozoans

supergroup excavata

live in anaerobic environments, lack plastids, have modified mitochondria called mitosomes

energy anaerobically by glycolysis

have 2 nuclei and multiple flagella

parasites: giardia intestinalis

supergroup excavata

live in anaerobic environments, lack plastids, have modified mitochondria called hydrogenosomes

energy anaerobically 

trichomonas vaginalis (yeast infections)

supergroup excavata

predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites

spiral ot crystalline rod in flagella 

two clades: kinetoplastids and euglenids

in euglenozoans

single mitochondrion with mass of dna called kinetoplast

free living consumers of prokaryotes 

trypanosoma(sleeping sickness) and chagas disease

in euglenozoans

one or two flagella that comes from pocket in cell

can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic

supergroup chromalveolata

have membrane bounded sacs under plasma membrane 

includes dinoflagellates apicomplexans and ciliates

in alveolates

aquatic mixotrophs and heterotrophs

both marine and fresh water phytoplankton 

internal plates of cellulose

two flagella that makes spin

blooms and causes red tides

in alveolates

parasites of animals cause human disease

apex contains complex organelles for penetrating host

nonphotosynthetic plastid (apicoplast)

sexual and asexual stages(2 different hosts)

plasmodium-malaria

2mil people die everyday  

in alveolates

named for use of cilia 

large macronuclei and small micronuclei (function during conjugation (occurs by binary fission))

supergroup chromalveolates 

have hairy flagellum and smooth flagellum

include diatoms, golden and brown algae

in stramenopiles 

unicellular algae with glass like wall and hydrated silica

reproduce asexually and sometimes sexually

major component of phytoplankton

in stramenopiles

golden and brown carotenoids

cells are usually biflagellated both near one end

photosynthetic some heterotrophic

unicellular some colonial

in stramenopiles

multicellular

seaweeds

giant seaweeds (kelps) in deep ocean

lacks true roots stems and leaves 

algal body is thallus

holdfast is rootlike 

stipe is stemlike

blades leaflike

defined by dna similarities

some ameobas

clades forams and radiolarians

supergroup rhizaria

foraminiferans named for porous multichambered shells called tests

pseudopodia extend through pores

supergroup rhizaria

tests fused into one piece made of silica

use pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms (phagocytosis)

pseudopodia radiate from central body

clades red and green algae and land plants

supergroup archaeaplastida

reddish in color from accessory pigment (phycoerythrin)

color varies greenish red shallow water reddish black deep water

multicellular seaweeds

most abundant in tropics

supergroup archaeplatstida

named for grass green cholorplasts 

plants are descendants from 

main groups: chlorophytes (fresh water or damp snow and soil unicellular colonial multicellular forms complex life cycles sexual and asexual reprod.)

charophyceans

supergroup unikonta

lobe or tube shaped gymnamoebas entamoebas and slime molds

in amoebozoans

onec thought of as fungi

placed by molecular systematics

plasmodial slime molds are bright colored yellow or orange

in amoebozoans

parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery in humans

in ameobozoans

live in soil fresh and marine 

seek and consume bacteria detritus and other protists

supergroup unikonta

animals fungi and other protists

abosorb nutrients from outside the body 

use enzyme to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds 

decomposers 

parasites 

mutualists

ability to absorb nutrients

mycelia-branched hyphae adapted of absorption

fungi have cell walls made of chitin

some hyphae divided into septa for cell to cell movement

coenocytic fungi lack septa

chytrids

zygomycetes

glomeromycetes

ascomycetes

basidiomycetes

found in fresh and terrestrial

can be decomposer, parasites, or mutualists 

flagellated spores (zoospores)

fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts

named for sexually produced zygosporangia(resistant to freezing and drying)

black bread mold

in marine, fresh, and terrestrial

production of sexual spores in saclike asci contain fruiting bodies called ascocarps 

 called sac fungi

vary in size and complexity from unicellular to elaborate cup fungi and morels

include plant pathogens,decomposers and symbionts

reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of asexul spores (conidia-not formed in sporangia/formed asexually at tips on hyphae)

mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mutualists, plant parasites

defined by clublike structure (basidium) a transient diploid stage in life cycle

club fungi

decomposers

mutualists

fungus-plant mutualists

fungus-animal mutualists

lichens

pathogens

practical uses

efficient decomposers

essential recycling of chem elements b/n living and nonliving world

with plants, algae, cyanobacteria and animals

profound ecological effects

mycorrhizae (enormously important in natural ecosystems and agriculture)

harbor harmless symbiotic endophytes (live in leaves or other plant parts)

endophytes make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

share digestive services with animals

breakdown plant material in gut of cows and other grazing mammals

ants and termites use digestive power of fungi by raising them in farms

symbiotic association b/n a photosynthetic microorganism and fungus in millions of photosynthetic cells are held in mass of fungal hyphae

algae(provides carbon compounds) or cyanobacteria(provide organic nitrogen) are in inner layer

sensitive to pollution 

provide environment  for growth

can produce sexually or asexually(fragmentation and formation of soredia(small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae))

30% of known fungal species are parasites or pathogens mostly of plants

attack food crops are toxic to humans

animals are less susceptible to parasitic fungi than plants

mycosis (fungal infection)

cheeses, alcoholic beverages and bread

used to make antibiotics for bacterial infections

biotechnology

insulin like growth factor can be produced in fungus saccharomyces cerevisiae

large surface area for the sun

under leaf transparent epidermal cells

waxy waterproof cuticle that reduces evaporation  

CO2 from air enters leaf through pores, stomata, and epidermis

Mesophyll contains cells with dense packed chloroplasts 

vascular bundles supply water and minerals to mesophyll

contain various pigments molecules that abosrb different wavelengths

primary pigment (chlorophyll A) absorbs voilet, blue, and red lights reflecting green

accessory pigment (chlorophyll B) and carotenoids absorb blue and green lights reflects red yellow and orange 

Roots- anchor and get water and nutrients

waxy cuticle-limits water loss

stomata-gas exchange and limits water loss

conducting vessels-transport water and mineral in the plant

lignin-increases rigidity increases sun exposure

pollen-dispersed male gametes without water

seeds-protect and feed the plant embryo

lack conducting structures

no vessels

mosses

include club mosses and horsetails and ferns

produce swimming sperm so water is essential

ferns most diverse seedless vascular plants

dominate land by two adaptions: pollen and seeds

pollen-transport sperm without water

seeds-plant embryo food supply and protective coat

gametophytes-microscopic gametes for mating

nonflowering seed plants

conifers-adapted to dry cold conditions thin needles retained all year round and antifreeze adaptions to dry, cold conditions

ginkgos and cycads

flowering plants

flowers attract pollinators, broad leaves capture more sunlight

fruits have seed dispersal 

bryophytes 

do not have vessels seeds or flowers

spores 

xylem- flow of water and nutrients from roots to leaves

phloem- flow of sugars and other metabolic products from leaves to roots

do not have flowers reproduce by spores

have gametophytes which produce gametes 

gymnosperms (naked seeds)

cone bearer 

angiosperms

flowering or fruit plants

flowers for attracting pollinators

seeds develop in the ovary and becomes fruit

sepal is base of the flower

petals are interior of sepal

2 groups monocots and eudicots

fruit is mature ovary

generally aboveground portion of plant leaves buds borne on stems

Major functions:

photosynthesis in green tissues

transport materials among leaves flowers fruits and roots

reproduction

horomone synthesis

underground portion

Major functions: anchors plant

absorbs nutrients and water

stores sugar

transports water minerals sugars and hormones to shoot

hormone production

nutrition availability of plant by interacting with soil microbes

major parts:

petiole: oreints blade to intercept sunlight

blade: major site of photosynthesis

sponges (basal animals that lack true tissues)

live in fresh and marine

lack true tissues and organs

suspension feeders

chanocytes(flagellated collar cells to ingest food)

spongocoel is open cavity

osculum opening to cavity

noncellular mesohyl b/n two cell layers amoebacytes found there

hermaphrodites 

4 major classes: 

hydrozoa(hydra), scyphozoa(jellies), cubozoa(box jellies), anthozoa (corals and sea anemones)

jellies, corals, hydras

simple diploblastic radial body plan

gastrovascular cavity

mouth/anus opening

sessile polyp and motile medusa

carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey

bilaterian animals with bilateral symmetry, triploblastic development

lophophore for feeding others through trochophore larval stage

flat worms

rotifers

ectoprocts

brachiopods

molluscs 

annelids

platyhelminthes

flattened dorsoventrally have gastrovascular cavity

protonephridia (gas exchange)

classes:

turbellaria(free living flatworms)

monogenea(monogeneans)

trematoda(trematodes)

cestoda(tapeworms)

all free living and marine

planarians

light sensitive eye spots

centralized nerve nets

hermaphrodites 

reproduce asexually and sexually 

parsites in or on animals

complex life cycles

alternating sexual and asexual stages

spend part of life in snails

tapeworms

parasties of vertebrates 

lack digestive system

absorb nutrients from hosts intestine

sexual reproduction leave host body in feces

smaller than any protist 

multicellular

specialized organ systems

alimentary canal with separate mouth and anus (in pseudocoelom)

reproduce by parthenogenesis females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

lack males entirely

hard exoskeleton 

look like clumps of moss

colonial animals 

resemble plants

reef builders

resemble clams and hinge shelled molluscs

two halves

dorsal/ventral

snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids

soft bodied animals protected by hard shell 

main body parts:

muscular foot

visceral mass

mantle

water filled mantle cavity 

separate sexes

ciliated larval stage (trochophore)

4 major classes

polyplacophora (chitons)

gastropoda (snails and slugs)

bivalvia (clams, oysters, other bivalves)

cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, chambered nautiluses)

oval shaped marine animals

armor of eight dorsal plates

single spiraled shell

slugs have no shell 

torsion which causes animals anus and mantle to end above its head

clams oysters mussels and scallops

shells divided in two halves

contains gills used for feeding and gas exchange

squids and octopuses 

 carnivores with beak like jaw surrounded by tentacles of modified foot

squids use siphon to jet water to escape prey

closed circulatory system

well developed sense organs

complex brain

shelled cephalpods (ammonites) 

body of fused rings

3 classes:

oligochaeta (earthworms)

polychaeta (polychaetes)

hirudinea (leeches)

sparse bristles made of chitin

earthworms

eat through soil extracting nutrients as it goes through alimentary canal

hermaphrodites

blood sucking parasites

secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood form coagulating

covered by tough coat called cuticle (shed or molted through ecdysis) 

nematodes and arthropods

round worms

have alimentary canal 

no circulatory system

 sexual reproduction by internal fertilization

segemented body 

hard exoskeleton 

jointed appendages 

covered by cuticle exoskeleton made of layers of protein and polysaccharide chitin

molts

open circulatory system (hemolymph circulates tissues)

specialized organs for gas exchange 

four major categories

cheliceroforms (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders)

myriapods (centipedes and milipedes)

hexapods (insects)

crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles)

millipedes- each trunk has 2 pairs of legs

centipedes-one pair of legs for each trunk

insects

flight

metamorphosis have larval stage looks different than adult stage

reproduce sexually 

pollinators

some carriers of disease and pests of crops

mostly marine

branched appendages

isopods-land fresh and marine species

decapods-lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp

planktonic crustaceans (copepods)

barnacles-mostly sessile crustaceans have cuticle hardened into shell

notochord

dorsal hollow nerve cord

pharyngeal slits or clefts

muscular post-anal tail

ex lancelets and tunicates

chordates with a head

skull brain eyes and sense organs

neural crest (collection of cells near dorsal margins of closing neural tube in embryo)(give rise to structures bones and cartilage of skull)

aquatic- gill slits

heart with 2 chambers rbcs hemoglobin and kidneys

ex. hagfish

have jaws 

chondrichthyans -sharks and rays

osteichthyes-ray finned and lobe finned fish

4 limbs and feet with digits

ears detecting airborne sounds

amphibians are tetrapods represented by about 6150 species

3 orders: urodela(tailed ones), anura(tail-less), apoda(leg-less)(resemeble worms)

amphibian (both ways of life) 

tetrapods have terrestrially adapted egg

amniotes-are groups of tetrapods reptiles, birds, and mammals 

have hair and produce milk

mammary glands-produce milk

hair

larger brain 

differentiated teeth 

marisupials and primates

include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

embryo develops in placenta

born very early and finishes development in pouch

Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes 

hands and feet adapted for grasping 

large brain short jaws

forward looking eyes close together on face (depth perception)

complex social behavior and parental care

fully opposable thumb

anthropoids