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| Is a tentative explanation for a specific phenomenon |
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| Is two experiments that are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable. |
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| One major role of a control in an experiment is to? |
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| Provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group. |
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| This is true of most living systems |
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| they maintain homeostatis |
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| Is a limiting element in the human body |
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| The five most common elements in living organisms are? |
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| Contains two or more elements bonded together |
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| The stablity of the atom's nucleus is mostly due to the number of: |
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| A radioactive isotoe is one that? |
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| the energy producted by radiactive decau can break chemical bonds and cause molecular damage in cells. |
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| Table salt and glass are formed of? |
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| The molecules of living organisms are typically formed of? |
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| is a type of bond that acts like glue or velcro in the body |
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| always contain carbon and are made by cells |
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| The funcation groups of organic compounds..? |
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- They help make organic compounds soluble in water.
- Many biologival molecules have two or more functional groups.
- They help make organic compounds hydrophilic.
- They participate in chemical reactions.
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| The monomers and polymers found in living organisms are |
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- Cells typically make all of their macromolecules from a set of 40-50 common monomers and a few other ingredients that are rare.
- The monomers used to make polymers are essentially universal.
- Monomers serve as building blocks for polymers.
- DNA is built from just four kinds of monomers.
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| from two monosaccharides, glucose and sucrose |
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| Molecules that taste sweet |
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| have a shape that fits into the taste buds for sweet taste |
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| the storage form of carbohydrates in animals is ____________ and in plants is__________. |
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| Scientists believe that a diet high in animal products may increase the risk for atherosclerosis. This is because? |
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| Most animal fats are saturated and most animal products contain high levels of triglycerides. |
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| In salad dressings, oil quickly separates from vinegar because the fats making up the oils are..? |
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| What are some polysaccharides? |
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| Cellulose, stach,and glycogen |
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| Fatty acids having bonds the easily break down or spoil are: |
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| A major type of lipid found in cell membranes is? |
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| Proteins differ from one another because? |
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| the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein. |
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| Amino acids can be distinguished rom one another by? |
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| The chemical properties of their R groups |
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| What are some factors that can result in the denaturation or destruction of a protein? |
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- Chemicals that destroy hydrogen bonds
- Changes in salt concentration
- Changes in pH
- Heat
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| The _________ structor of a protein consists of a chain of amino acids assembled in a specific order. |
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| Genetic information is encoded in the? |
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| Sequence of nucleotides in DNA |
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| A new "wonder food" is being distributed by a rival company. The researchers in your company determines that the " wonder food" contains only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. At this point, your researchers can say with certanty that the food? |
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| Does not include proteins or nucleic acids |
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| Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule. |
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- Every definition has to be Universal in explination.
- Universally acceptable (ex: metric).
- Measured or somehow detected!
- Everything has to be physical, Rational Universe.
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Does not match criteria
Example: ghosts, pain is in the mind. |
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| "what is alive and what is dead" |
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- Existing & serviving by using your surroundings
- Made up of cells & DNA.
- Not all things are cells.
- Reproduction- to produce offspring.
- Each have own individual intelligence.
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- No real purpose in life, cause alltimers, no such thing a survival for them
- These are protons which copy themselves onto others
- When they are in the body they are hard to detect because it takes a regular part of the body and makes it go crazy.
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- Means "being there" (is the state of internal consistency or equilibrium) wants to live!
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| discovered and made a movie over prions |
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| have to be careful at looking at one case and not look at the whole situation |
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| when we have evidence that one things causes another, only works in one direction, (example: someone kicking someone else, and there reaction) |
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| meaning two things occur together, learn by induction= meaning gain experience ,works in both directions but doesnt tell us anything they are changeable and perscribable (example: obesity) |
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| Is how we see patterns or trends ( example : daily routine) |
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| We take a correlation, make an oveservation or induction, where something occurs together, then we make a deduction ( which is a perdiction on how the correlation works ) |
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It does not take everything into account, just looks at two things
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| anything that can be measured or deteected without the constraints or science ( example: health is not a measureable variable, health just means you servive in your society |
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| Cause, what we conduct or see as the cause, have to be measured |
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| The effect, has to be measured |
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| When we have a independent and a dependent cariable we have to have what? |
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| is anything else that can effect how an indepent variable works, anything that effect variablitly |
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| Means that you are showng a one-to-one variable |
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an organized arrangement of molecules that is homestatus (meaning we carry out homeostatus)
-we are made up of atoms |
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measures the atoms in space
, the heavier the atom-the less it is in Us, the lighter the atom the higher the chance of finding it is us is. |
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| in the universe there are 92 atoms that exist naturally. atoms build molecules |
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| Living thing are made up of what % of atoms? |
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| Rocks are made up of mostly what? |
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| All organisms use atoms that are? |
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| Nucleus gives that atoms its? |
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| weight (mass) also gives stability (smaller are stable, big atoms fall apart) |
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| is an unstable form of an atom |
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- Provide shape for the molecules and atoms that we build
- Bonding-how you attatch atoms to eachother
- Provide the electricity ( we need some electorns to produce electricity
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- Carbon Skeleton
- Functional group-(whatts a functional group is on the test) -Give the funtion to the molecule
- Molecular environment
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- Organic- any molecules that are made up of carbon elements ( build living creatures) (Example: legos (different shapes together to make a different looking shape)
- Shape- can provide a molecule with shape, function or purpose(carbon skeleton provides)
- Skeletons- may be arrange in rings
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| (iso- means equal, -mers means parts), similar organic molecules are molecules that have the same parts and look similar but have different shape & purpose |
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| means mirrors (mirror image) |
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| Give function to a carbon skeleton |
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| 5 main functional groups are important in the chemistry of life: |
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- Hydroxyi group
- Carbonyl group
- Carboxyl group
- Amino group
- Phosphate group
These are all seen in everyday stuff
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| one major purpose, it provides a property calles polarit, which is a thing that provides an electric charge |
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| gives the molecule an electric charge, anything that is polar can dissolve in water |
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| not electricly charged, does not dissolve in water |
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| are a way to attatch atoms or molecules |
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| [build your body], stronge, flexable, and stable |
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| charged, bonds that sometimes form christals, used for special purpose. strong, rigid, not stable (tend to break apart) |
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| weak, temporary (allow molecules to attach to water) |
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| hydroxyl groups are high in? |
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| carbotydrates (suger), deadly |
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| tell the body to do something |
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| ajust your body chemistry pH |
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| main job is to transfer energy from food to you |
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| main job is to form very tight covalent bonds. |
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- Temperature- A. Vibrates molecules, B. Alture the shape of the molecule. (Denaturation)
- pH-has to do with the amount of electrically charged hydrogen ion in a solution
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| is something that has a pH level from 0-6 -lots of hydrogen |
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| Is something that has a pH level from 8- 14 |
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| is something that has a pH level at 7 |
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| is a chemical a body produces to adjust the pH level |
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shape functional groups, has to do with how much salt (ions) is in a solution- body needs a specific amount of salt content
High-ocean (salt water)
medium-1%
low- lake (fresh water) |
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| glycongen & starch gives the body |
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| energy, and stores energy |
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| muscle cells and liver store |
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| glycogen, which readily break down into glucose subunits when cells need energy |
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| glycogen is made up of? and stach is made up of? |
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| glucose (monosarcharides) and glucose |
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| only for the muscles, they are greedy |
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| sole source of glucose for the brain |
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| could increase indurence anywhere from 2%-4% |
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| could do nothing for their indurence, there indurence increases 0% ( dont have as much estrogen as men) |
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| can be stored by not always used, like in women, women dont use there estrogen because women have to store it due to pregnacy, baby takes everything! |
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| amino acids, they arnt the same in each protein, they all vary in the type of amino acid and the amount of the amino acid |
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| on average we need ______ amino acids to live |
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