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| scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in their natural environments. |
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| discovered symbolic languages between honeybees sharing information to locate a food source |
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| discovered the behavior of IMPRINTING, he showed the principals of imprint stimulus in greylag geese. |
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| studied spatial learning, analyzed female digger wasp, and noticed they could discover the location of its nest by the position of visible landmarks. |
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-analyzed for nest building behavior to see if it was genetic
-1)PEACHFACED - put paper in tailfeathers to build nest
-2)FISCHERS - carries paper in its beak to build nest.
(HYBRID = express both components of behavior confused at first.) |
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| animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control |
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Fixed action patterns
What is an example of this behavior? |
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animal behavior, a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion.
Ex. GREYLAG GOOSE - mothers retrieving egg from nest
EUROPEAN CUCKOO-lays eggs in other species nest |
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| the modification of behavior based on specific experiences |
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| forgetting unimportant stimulus, little responsiveness to stimuli. |
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| the formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavior response to a specific individual or object, its a critical period of learning. (Konrad Lorenz) |
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| Association (classical conditioning) |
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| behavior reward, arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome. |
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| Behavioral ecology (4 types of behaviors) |
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1)MIGRATION - gray whales moving to warmer places in winter for birth and food.
2)FEEDING - (optical foraging = max calories for least energy possible)
3)SOCIAL - antagonistic behaviors(fighting for alpha male), dominance hierarchy, territorial behavior.
4)MATING |
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| Organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than other organisms |
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| H.B.D. Kettlewild, discovered what? |
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Biologist that study animals changing habits. 2 groups of peppered moths:
1st group-lighter before industrial revolution.
2nd group - darker due to pollution in the air from revolution. |
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-Process that causes fluctuations in allele frequencies from generation to generation.(mostly in small populations)
- Bottleneck Effect - size of population is reduced, from natural disaster or human actions. Survivors usually arent genetically similar as before.
-Founder Effect - few organisms are isolated from large population and form a new population, which genes aren't similar to original population. |
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Natural Selection (3 types)
*check graphs on notes |
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1)STABILIZING - intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.
2)DIRECTIONAL - organisms at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other organisms.
3)Disruptive(diversify) - organisms on both ends of phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than intermediate phenotypes. |
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organism that obtains organic food by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.
Ex. DECOMPOSERS & PARASITES |
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1)ZYGOMYCETES - fast growing molds
Ex. Black bread mold(has zygospores, structures on top that reproduce)
2)ASCOMYCETES - sac fungi - asci reproductive spores.Ex. morels,truffles,chestnut blights, penicillin
3)BASIOMYCETES - club fungi
Ex. rusts, smuts, puffballs, mushrooms
(*-mycetes = fungus) |
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| symbolic relationship between green algae and fungus, fungi provides shade for algae and algae produces sugar to feed fungi |
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| one plant/animal kingdom is replaced by another |
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| What are pioneer species? |
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| invade an inhospitable place first |
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| Bryophyta and Tracheophyta |
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non-vascular plants(can't have roots, stems, or leaves = no xylem or phloem)
Ex. mosses - very moist areas b/c of no roots,stems, leaves, stay low to ground, able to move on land, use spores to reproduce |
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| parts of vascular tissues |
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Definition
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| What are tracheophytas? (2 types) |
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all vascular plants = xylem & phloem
1st type - seedless - began use of xylem & phloem, spores need moisture to grow (Ex. ferns & horsetails)
2nd type - seeded - live anywhere
(2 types - gymnosperms & angiosperms) |
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-one type of seeded plants
-Greek- gymnos=nakes, sperm=seed
-conifers(ex. pine trees, cedar,redwoods)live in harsh conditions
-ginko(aka living fossils)MOST PRIMITIVE |
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-one type of seeded plants
-Greek- angio=container, sperm=seed
-flowery plants, developed fruit
-spreads easy b/c organisms like fruit
-good at reproducing |
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| What are some characteristics of Chordates? |
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Definition
1)notochord
2)dorsal nerve chord
3)gill slits
4)tail |
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| What is an myxini from the Chordata phylum? |
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Definition
has cartilage skeleton
Ex. hag fish (attaches to fish and sucks them dry) |
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| What is a chondrichthyes of the Chordata phylum? |
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Definition
has cartilage skeleton but w/ a jaw
Ex. Sharks |
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| What is a osteichthyes in the Chordata phylum? |
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| bone fish, all have bone skeleton |
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1st group to leave water, bone skeleton, must reproduce in water.
Ex. Frogs, toads, salamanders |
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| What are reptiles? Which groups of echinoderms did they give rise to? |
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-internal fertilization, respiratory structures, developed the amniotic egg (water proof shells), reproductive organs
-BIRDS & MAMMALS |
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| can all maintain body temp, amniotic egg but w/ calcium shell, dont have teeth, legs have scales(<--from reptiles) |
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-can all maintain body temp
1)MONOTREMES - most primitive form, lays eggs
2)MARSUPIALS - give birth early, young crawl into pouch to live Ex.kangaroos,opossums
3)PLECENTIALS - plecenta |
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| Characteristics of asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| 1)one parent 2)same genetics(same geno and pheno) 3)everyone ABSOLUTELY THE SAME 4)energy cost - least expensive way to reproduce |
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| Characteristics of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| 1)uses a lot of energy 2)need to find a mate 3)fight for mates, set up territory and defend it |
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| What are types of asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| 1)FRAGMENTATION - splitting in half, and each organism becomes and individual 2)BUDDING - hydra - buds off a little version of itself, dont need gametes; from one parent 3)PARTHENOGENESIS - growth of embryo and seeds w/o fertilization, eggs laid by females, all are the exact same Ex. insects |
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| has both male and female reproductive organs Ex. earthworms, 2 can mate and both be prego |
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| What is reproductive timing? |
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| a breeding cycle per year (ex. mating in the fall, giving birth in spring <---deer) |
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| What is external reproduction? |
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| gametes are dumped into the environment(eggs are put into environment and then sperm is put on top of it),99.99% of eggs are lost <-example of salmon |
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| what is internal reproduction? |
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| gametes meet inside the female, protected just by moving, reptiles developed this process, only need to make a few eggs=saves energy,fetus remains inside until born(ex.mammals) |
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| What are two types of body symmetry? |
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