Term
Georges Cuvier and "correlation of parts"
What did he study? What did he realize? |
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Definition
"butt-kissing weasel"
thought about living things in technological terms
-> every part of an organism served some end that was vital to that organism's existence
- each part tightly interlinked w. every other part
believed that variation among individuals in a species was limited - any change in a feature beyond these limits would kill the individual (=only wait to change = change every trait simultaneously)
important works: about extinct species
studied: fossils found in various layers, realizing that there were remains of things no longer found on Earth
realizations: 1. the deeper you go, the more different from present day species the fossils became
2. species appeared and disappeared as one moved through the layers (because of catastrophic risings and fallings of sea level)
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Term
Catastrophism
How was it a way to account for the disappearance of species? |
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Definition
- wiped out in floods or volcanic eruptions
-land apeared and disappeared as mountains were suddenly thrust up, or sank
-there'd been lots of these episodes |
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Term
Jean-Baptist Lamarck - theory of evolution
What was his conclusioN? |
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Definition
started as an "essentialist" - someone who believed that all organisms were as they had been originally created, unchanged over time
started studying molluscs and noticed that they changed over time
-> continued to study, and was able to arrange them into a chronological sequence that showed species slowly changing into new species
conclusion: traits evolve through use and disuse
ex. long necks evolved after reaching higher and higher to get food |
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Term
Charles Lyell - geologist, uniformitarian, gradualist
What did he think of revolution and what were his thoughts? |
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Definition
Hated evolution
geological formations are the result of long, slow processes
-> these are visible today and are no different than those of millions of years ago
later supported Darwin |
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Term
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Definition
| Anglican priest, and Professor of Botan at cambridge |
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Definition
| inspired Darwin and Henslow by going to the judges of South American and writing about his adventures |
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Term
Captain Robert Fitzroy
How did Darwin develop his ideas about revolution? |
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Definition
gentleman, Christian, believer in the institution of slavery
of H.M.S. Beagle going around the Galapagos Islands, seeing tortoises and a finch.
Darwin had seen a lot of fossils, similar but different species on various continents and islands.
He read Lyell's book on geology and related that with species diversity.
He read Thomas Malthus' book "An Essay on Population"
He studied the relationships among barnacles.
He talked to plant and animal breeders, getting to know how people used variations among their plants and animals to create new strains through selective breeding. |
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Term
| Robert Chambers, Scottish intellectal terrorist |
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Definition
| published "The Vestiges of Creation" - allowed Darwin to see what arguments might be brought against him |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| went on trail because he taught evolutionary theory "den[ying] the story of the Divine Creation fo man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals." |
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Term
| What are 3 observable facts, and 3 inferences of Darwin's evolutionary theory? |
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Definition
Fact 1: populations are capable of expontential growth.
Fact 2: Despite this capability, populations remain fairly constant over time.
Fact 3: Resources are limited.
Inference 1: Since resources are limited, individuals must be competing for enough resources to allow them to survive, and reproduce. And since populations seem stable, despite high reproductive potential, somebody must be losing.
Fact 4: Individuals within a species exhibit variation.
Fact 5: Offspring resemble their parents. That means that at least some of the differences between individuals must be inheritable.
I
Inference 2: Because there is competition among individuals, and because individuals vary, individuals will vary in competitive ability, leading to differences in success at survival and reproduction.
Inference 3: Natural selection, repeated over many generations, is sufficient to create new species. |
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Term
| "Natura non facit saltum" |
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Definition
Nature makes no jumps.
the origin of a new species is a product of the gradual accumulation of numerous small changes over long, long periods of time
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Term
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Definition
homologous structures: different structures have been made from the same bones arranged in the same pattern
when descendants of a single ancestor make modifications to a single original structure to solve different problems
ex. Cytochrome C -we're not the only ones using it |
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Term
| What factors are correlated with evolution? |
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Definition
1. homology
2. similarities in DNA sequences
3. RNA
ex. tRNA for phenylalanine looks like what is in us.
4. vertebrates start out looking the same
5. mammal laying eggs such as the echidna and duck-billed platypus. "monotremes" - leads to questions of biogeography - why are plants and animals distributed around the world the way they are? |
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Term
John Endler and David Reznick's guppy experiment on evolution
Why is this relevant to bacteria? |
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Definition
each pool separated from others by a waterfall
- in some of the pools, there were large predatory fish - pike cichlids
- in other pools there was a smaller predator - killifish
->> average size and age of fish at sexual maturity varied between pools with big predators and little predators
in pools with little predator, killifish reached sexual maturity at larger size than the pools with the pike cichlid -> killifish fed on small, immature guppies-> pike cichlid fed on larger guppies
THEIR EXPERIMENT: transferred pike-cichlids to killifish pools
Results: after 11 years and 60 generations, transplanted guppies were 14% heavier at maturity and older than those still in the original population
relevant to bacteria because bacteria evolve from resistant strains that humans create |
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