Term
| Glycolysis is the _____ phase of ____ _____ |
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Definition
| 1st phase of aerobic respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Process that partially breaks down glucose and harvests some of its energy |
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Term
| Where does Glycolysis occur |
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms does Glycolysis take place in? |
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Definition
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Term
Beginning equation of Glycolysis
Net gain of ATP in Glycolysis |
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Definition
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 4Pi
Net gain of 2 ATP |
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Term
Step 1 of Glycolysis is called
And define |
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Definition
Energy investment step
ATPs provide enough energy for whole reaction |
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Term
Why would delta G be negative in Glycolysis?
Why positive? |
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Definition
Negative if ATP is broken down
Positive if ATP is built, besides when 1,3 -Bisphosphoglycerate because it is unstable |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
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Term
| After glucose and before pyruvate in Glycolysis everything is considered an ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Three irreversible Reactions
1.
3.
10.
why random numbers?
what do they all have in common |
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Definition
1. hexokinase
3. phosphofructokinase
10. pyruvate kinase
numbers are what step
very negative delta G |
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Term
| Why are the three irreversible Glycolysis reactions irreversible |
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Definition
| Because them backwards would have a very high delta G |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitor for the 3rd step. Feed back inhibition |
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Term
ADP- Hard to say what the three are
1. _____ signals
2. _____ of this = ______ of ______
3. Activator of ________ |
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Definition
1. Hunger
2. Alot of this = a lot of ATP
3. phosphofructokinase |
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Term
Aresenate
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
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Definition
Affects GAP dehydrogenase
Prevents Phosphate from being added to sugar |
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Term
Iodoacetate
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
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Definition
Affects GAP dehydrogenase
Covalently binds to active site of enzyme |
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Term
Fluoride ion
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
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Definition
Affects Enolase
Sticks to Mg+2 ion at active site and blocks substrate from entering |
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Term
| Where does fermentation take place |
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Definition
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Term
Fermentation Reaction
and why |
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Definition
Reaction to recycle NADH to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen
So you can still do glycolosis |
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Term
Three steps of Aerobic Respiration
1.
2. Two parts technically
3. |
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Definition
1. Glycolosis
2. Link/Transition Phase & Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Term
Reactants of Link/Transition Phase
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
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Term
Products of Link/Transition Phase
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
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Term
Reactants of Krebs Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
And what to remember about them |
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Definition
Acetyl CoA
3NAD+
ADP + P
FAD
Since Glycolosis produces two pyruvates, they are technically doubled |
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Term
Products of of Krebs Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
And what to remember about them
and where is energy stored? |
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Definition
2 CO2
ATP- I think Energy Stored
3 NADH-Energy Stored
FADH2-Energy Stored
Coenzyme A
Since Glycolosis produces two pyruvates, they are technically doubled |
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Term
| 4 Carbon molecule, last molecule in Krebs cycle before it repeats |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 Carbon molecule, first molecule of Krebs cycle after CO2+CoA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Concentration gradient potential energy
Used in? |
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Definition
| (Used in Secondary Active Transport) Energy due to concentration gradient |
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Term
Chemical energy
Where is energy stored?
What two groups of bonds? |
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Definition
Carbon-Carbon bonds
High energy phosphate-phosphate bonds
Energy stored in bonds |
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Term
| Photosynthesis chemical formula |
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Definition
| Sun energy + 6H20 + 6 CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Chemical energy) |
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Term
| Respiration chemical formula |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H20 + 6 CO2 + Chemical Energy (in form of ATP) |
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Term
Anabolic Reactions
Two Examples
Define |
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Definition
Photosynthesis, Condensation
Builds something up & Requires energy |
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Term
Catabolic Reactions
Two Examples
Define |
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Definition
Respiration, Hydrolysis
Break something down & Releases Energy |
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Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
Free energy is the energy available to do work
Always decreasing |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of disorder. Always increasing in a closed system |
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Term
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Definition
| Change from stable to unstable for a change to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy required to get the reactants into an unstable transition state |
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Term
| ATP macromolecule category & Type |
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Definition
Nucleic Acid
RNA Nucleotide |
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Term
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
Take phosphate off ATP & put onto something else to give it energy
X + O + ATP =-Enzyme XO + AMP + PPi + light |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other. |
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Term
| Extra hydrogens equals ____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Another type of electron carrier besides NAD+ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanently destroys enzyme, not common in cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that bond to allosteric sites and support the binding of the substrate at the active site |
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Term
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Definition
negative delta G
spontaneous |
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Term
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Definition
Positive delta G
nonspontaneous |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme changes shape slightly as the substrate bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Substrate bonds to active site and then its bonds are weakened and produces two or more things |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitor binding to active site |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitor binding to allosteric site thus changing shape of enzyme |
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Term
Resulting equation of Glycolysis
What is used in Krebs/Link |
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Definition
2 pyruvates + 2 ADP + 2Pi + 4 ATP + 2NADH
Pryuvates used in Link/Krebs Cycle becomes Acetyl CoA which is used in Krebs |
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Term
| Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation |
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Definition
| 2 Pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2H+ = 2NAD+ + 2 Lactic Acid |
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Term
| Alcohol Fermentation Equation |
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Definition
2 Pyruvic acid have 2 CO2 removed to become Acetaldehyde
THEN
2 Acetaldehyde 2 NADH + 2H+ = 2NAD+ + 2Ethanol |
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Term
| Where does Transition Phase occur |
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Definition
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Term
Reactants of Oxidative Phosphorylation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. |
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Definition
3ADP
3Pi
NADH
1/2 O2
Bunch of H+ |
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Term
Products of Oxidate Phosphorylation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. |
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Definition
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Term
ATPs made from all Aerobic Respiration
How many in Glycolysis?
How many in Link
How many in Krebs
How many in Oxidative |
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Definition
36 total
net of 2 from Glycolysis
0 from link
2 from Krebs
32 from Oxidative |
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Term
How many NADH and FADH in:
Glycolysis
Link
Krebs |
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Definition
2 NADH in Glycolysis
2 NADH in Link
6 NADH and 2 FADH2 in Krebs |
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Term
How many ATPs do NADH produce
How many ATPs do FADH2 produce
How many ATPs do the 2 NADHs from Glycolysis make |
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Definition
NADH= 3 ATP
FADH2= 2 ATP
NADH from Glycolysis= 2 ATP due to passing though mitochondrion membrane |
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Term
Electron Transport chain
Two things that occur and where
Well three sort of |
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Definition
NADH = NAD+ occur on integral membrane protein
FADH2 = FAD+ Integral membrane protein DIFFERENT then the NADH
Oxygen collects e- and becomes water and the hydrogen goes to ATP synthase |
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Term
Yeast does ____ fermentation
Humans do _____ fermentation |
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Definition
Yeast does Ethanol Fermentation
Humans do Lactic Acid Fermentation |
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Term
| Oxidative puts NADH to NAD+ while _______ does so as well but without something |
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Definition
| Fermentation does so without oxygen |
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