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Bio Test 2
N/A
77
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/21/2013
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Term
Metabolsim 
 Definition

total of all the chemical reactions of an organism.  These reactions use up energy or produce energy
Term
energy
 Definition

total of all the chemical reactions of an organism.  These reactions use up energy or produce energy
Term

1st Law of Thermodynamics 

 Definition

energy cannot be created or destroyed, undergoes conversion from one form to another.
Term
heat
 Definition

– speeds up random motions of molecules; 
Term

2nd Law of Thermodynamics 

 Definition

disorder in the universe is constantly increasing.  Energy spontaneously converts to less organized forms.  Energy lost to disorder = entropy.  Entropy is a measure of disorder.
Term
Oxidation
 Definition
Loss of an e- by an atom or molecule
Term
reduction
 Definition
gain of an e- by an atom or molecule
Term
endergonic
 Definition
products contain more energy than reactants
Term
exergonic
 Definition
products contain less energy than reactants
Term
catalysis
 Definition

process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers activation energy.  Thus catalysis makes a reaction rate faster.
Term
carbon dioxide
 Definition
In photosynthesis, plants use carbon from ______ to make sugar and other organic molecules.
Term
fungi
 Definition
A group of organisms which contains only heterotrophs?
Term
stomata
 Definition
How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?
Term
thylakoids, which are in chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells of a leaf
 Definition
In a rosebush, chlorophyll is located in _____
Term
thylakoid membranes
 Definition
Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast? 
Term
water
 Definition
The source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis has been identified through experiments using radioactive tracers. The oxygen comes from _____
Term
in sugar molecules and in water
 Definition
In photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in CO2? They end up _____.
Term
noncyclic electron flow during the light reactions
 Definition
In photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in CO2? They end up _____.
Term
The calvin cycle requires products only produced when the photosystems are illuminated.
 Definition
The reactions of the Calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light, but they usually do not occur at night. Why?
Term
Stroma
 Definition
The calvin cycle occurs in the
Term
blue
 Definition
A photon of which of these colors would carry the most energy
Term
capture light energy
 Definition
The most important role of pigments in photosynthesis is to 
Term

blue violet and red orange

 

 Definition
What is the range of wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the pigments in the thylakoid membranes
Term
an action spectrum
 Definition
Based on the work of Engelmann, the wavelengths of light most effective in driving photosynthesis are referred to as
Term
their electrons become excited
 Definition
When chloroplast pigments absorb light, 
Term
the photosystem
 Definition
What structure is formed by the reaction center, light-harvesting complexes, and primary electron acceptors that cluster, and is located in the thylakoid membrane?
Term
water
 Definition
Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from?
Term
H2O and photosystem II
 Definition
During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from _____ via a series of reactions associated with
Term
transport electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I
 Definition
During photosynthesis, an electron transport chain is used to 
Term
electrons
 Definition
Which of the following is cycled in the cyclic variation of the light reactions
Term
use chemiosmosis to produce ATP
 Definition
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts
Term
have photosynthetic pigments
 Definition
You could distinguish a granum from a crista because the granum, but not the crista, would
Term
thylakoid membrane
 Definition
During photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell, an electrochemical gradient is formed across the
Term
ATP ... NADPH ... oxygen
 Definition
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in _____. The light reactions also produce _____ and _____.
Term
the movement of H+ through a membrane
 Definition
The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from
Term
It is reduced and then carries electrons to the Calvin cycle.
 Definition
What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis? 
Term
CO2 is reduced
 Definition
Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle?
Term
ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is oxidized
 Definition
Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle?
Term
Rubisco
 Definition
Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP).
Term
a 5-carbon compound to form an unstable 6-carbon compound (rubisco), which decomposes into two 3-carbon compounds
 Definition
In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is combined with
Term
in the stroma of the chloroplasts
 Definition
G3P is produced where
Term
The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, both of which are used in the Calvin cycle.
 Definition
What statement describes the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
Term
In forms NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle
 Definition
What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?
Term
Unlike C3 plants, they keep fixing carbon dioxide even when the concentration of CO2 in the leaf is low.
 Definition
Why are C4 plants more suited to hot climates than C3 plants?
Term
the plant had stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from the stored molecules during your vacation.
 Definition
You have a large, healthy philodendron that you carelessly leave in total darkness while away on vacation. What has the plant been using for an energy source while in the dark?
Term
ADP, glucose and NAD+
 Definition
What is the net input involved in glycolysis
Term
ATP, NADH and pyruvate
 Definition
What is the net output of glycolysis?
Term
Pyruvate, NAD+ and coenzyme A
 Definition
What is the net input involved in the formation of acetyl CoA?
Term
Acetyl CoA, NADH and CO2
 Definition
What is the net ouput of the formation of acetyl CoA?
Term
Acetyl CoA, NAD+ and ADP.
 Definition
What is the net input involved in the citric acid cycle?
Term
NADH, CO2, ATP and coenzyme A
 Definition
What is the net output of the citric acid cycle?
Term
NADH, ADP and O2
 Definition
What is the net input in oxidative phosphorylation?
Term
ATP, NAD+ and Water
 Definition
What is the net output of oxidative phosphorylation?
Term
the cytosol
 Definition
Where does glycolysis take place
Term
the mitochondrial matrix
 Definition
Where does the formation of acetyl CoA take place?
Term
The Mitochondrial Matrix
 Definition
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Term
The inner mitochondrial membrane
 Definition
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Term
oxidized
 Definition
When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes _______. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor
Term
reduced
 Definition
When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes ______. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor
Term
glucose
 Definition
In glycolysis, the carbon containing compound that functions as the electron donor is what
Term
pyruvate
 Definition
Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called what
Term
NAD+
 Definition
What is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis
Term
NADH
 Definition
The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is what?
Term
Pyruvate, ATP and NADH
 Definition
Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?
Term
To function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
 Definition
In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?
Term
Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.
 Definition
How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation?
Term
In the absence of oxygen, electron transport stops. NADH is no longer converted to NAD+, which is needed for the first three stages of cellular respiration
 Definition
Under anaerobic conditions (a lack of oxygen), the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA stops. Why does this occur?
Term
Pyruvate and NADH
 Definition
In fermentation ______ is reduced and ______ is oxidized 
Term
two
 Definition
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle
Term
two
 Definition
Each Glucose produces how many pyruvates?
Term
six
 Definition
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
Term
Oxidative Phosphorylation
 Definition
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
Term
oxygen
 Definition
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
Term
true
 Definition
 Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level.
Term
kinetic energy
 Definition
energy at work
Term
potential energy
 Definition
energy in storage
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