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| covers the body and lines its organs and cavities occurs in sheets |
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binds and supports other tissues
i.e. cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood, tendons, ligaments |
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| responsible for VOLUNTARY movements |
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| moves walls of internal organs, like stomach and intestines; INVOLUNTARY |
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| forms a communications network, transmits nerve signals that help control body activites |
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CQ** Most of the organ systems that are involved in exchanging material with the environments for an entire multicellular animal have which of the following in common?
A. large volume
B. small volume
C. small surface area
D. large surface area
E. a and c |
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steady state physiological condition of the body
-animals regulate their internal environment to achieve homeostasis--in response to external conditions |
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| maintaining appropriate water balance for an animal’s environment |
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| maintaining body temperature |
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body temp is determined by environment
i.e. most insects, reptiles, fishes, amphibians |
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can regulate their body temp by a HIGH METABOLIC RATE
i.e. birds and mammals |
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CQ** Which of the following is NOT an endoderm?
A. fast-swimming sea lion
B. swimming elephnat
C. shivering insect
D. basking python
E. hibernating grizzly bear |
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| ...=higher metabolic rate |
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| When might you want to maximize surface area to volume ratio? |
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| Increase exchange surface; obtain or expel something |
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| When might you want to minimize surface area to volume ratio? |
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Definition
| decrease exchange surface; retain something |
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CQ** Which of the following is a problem faced by animals as they increase in size?
A. decreasing surface-to-volume ratio
B. reproducing in aqueous environment
C. the tendency for larger bodies to be more variable in metabolic rate
D. inability to move at large size
E. a,b, and c |
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Definition
| A. decreasing surface-to-volume ratio |
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warmth from arterial blood is transferred to veins returning to the heart (opposing flow)
-maximize difference in concentration
-minimize temp variability
-want temp to be as CONSTANT as possible |
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CQ** When air temperature exceeds their body temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will:
A. dilate the blood vessels in their large ears
B. constrict the blood vessels in their large ears
C. increase movements to find a sunny area
D. bask in a sunny, exposed area
E. begin involuntary shivering of their skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| A. dilate the blood vessels in their large ears |
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CQ** Ectotherms:
A. can be homeothermic
B. have a body termperature that does not vary with the environment
C. are considered "cold blooded" organisms
D. are considered "warm blooded" organisms |
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CQ** Digestion begins in the:
A. mouth
B. esophagus
C. stomach
D. small intestines
E. large intestines |
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in unicellular organisms, exchanges occur directly with the environment b/c all cells are in direct contact with environment
-in very small animals with few cell layers |
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| a mixture of blood and the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells |
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Definition
hemolymph bathes the organs directly
-arthropods, molluscs |
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| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| blood circulates via an intricate set of blood vessels |
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CQ** The 4 chambered heart of mammals and birds:
A. evolved from a common ancestor
B. is due to convergent evolution
C. is a homology
D. is a homoplasy
E. b and d |
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Definition
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CQ** Three-chambered hearts generally consist of which of the following numbers of atria and ventricles:
A. one atrium; one ventricle
B. two atria; one ventricle
C. three atria; no ventricles
D. no atria; three ventricles
E. one atrium; two ventricles |
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Definition
| B. two atria; one ventricle |
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| relaxation (first 2 steps of cardiac cycle) |
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| contraction (third step of cardiac cycle) |
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| carry blood AWAY from heart |
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| push blood out of heart into arteries |
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| network of fine, hairlike branching blood vessels between arterioles and venules |
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CQ** Blood is what kind of tissue?
A. epithelial
B. muscle
C. nervous
D. connective
E. smooth |
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CQ** An open circulatory system differences from a closed system in which ways?
A. Animals with open systems don't have a heart
B. Animals with closed systems don't have vessels
C. In an open system, there is no difference between the blood and the interstitial fluid
D. In both open and closed system, circulatory fluid is distinct from interstitial fluid |
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Definition
| C. In an open system there is no difference between the blood and the interstitial fluid |
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CQ** A powerful 4-chambered heart was an essential adaption of the endothermic way of life... why?
A. Endotherms have low metabolic demands
B. Endotherms have high metabolic demands
C. Endotherms have major surface area to volume ratio problems!
D. B and C |
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Definition
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CQ** Characterisitcs of respiratory surfaces depend on body size, metabolic rate, and lifestyle-- for example, an endotherm requires a larger area of respiratory surface than a similar-sized ectotherm... Why??
A. Endotherms have higher metabolic rates
B. Ectotherms have higher metabolic rates |
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Definition
| A. Endotherms have higher metabolic rates |
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Term
CQ** In comparison to large endotherms, small endotherms have:
A. relatively small lungs
B. relatively large lungs |
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Definition
| B. relatively large lungs |
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Term
| 4 types of gas transfer mechanisms |
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Definition
1. body surface (diffusion only)
2. gills (aquatic mostly)
3. lungs
4. tracheal system (branched network) |
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Definition
LOTS of SA, most cells are in contact with the environment
-ex: flatworm |
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2nd example of COUNTERCURRENT exchange: opposing flow of water and blood maximize differential O2 concentration
--MAXIMIZE difference in concentration!! |
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| gas exchange occurs in alveoli which is designed to have LOTS of SA |
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CQ** In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from:
A. forcing air from throat down into lungs
B. contracting the diaphragm
C. relaxing muscles of the rib cage
D. using muscles of lungs to expand the alveoli
E. contracting the abdominal muscles |
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Definition
| B. contracting the diaphragm |
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CQ** How can birds survive at high elevations while we can't?
A. they have less efficient respiratory systems than we do
B. they have more efficient respiratory systems that we do
C. they have a 4-chambered heart
D. they have hollow bones
E. B and C |
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Definition
| B. they have more efficient respiratory systems than we do |
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Definition
born with generalized response
-recognition of INVADERS (general)
→like a bouncer at a club!!
-RAPID response |
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Definition
recognition of SPECIFIC traits
→like using fingerprints and DNA testing
-SLOWER response |
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CQ** Innate immunity
A. is a specialized immune response
B. is a generalized immune response
C. involves internal defenses only
D. involves external defenses only
E. involves the production of specific antibodies to an infection |
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Definition
| B. is a generalized immune response |
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Term
| variety of innate responses |
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Definition
-skin and mucous membranes
-phagocytic cells (engulf invaders)
-inflammatory response
-natural killer cells |
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| major histocompatibility complex (recognizing oneself) |
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