Term
| All living things are made up of which four classes of biological molecules? |
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Definition
| Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
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Term
| What is a Polymer? What does it separate into? |
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Definition
| A polymer is a long molecule made of building blocks that separates into monomers. |
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Term
| What is the monomer of a Polysaccharide polymer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the monomer of a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the monomer of Nucleic acids? |
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Definition
| Nucleoside monophosphate. |
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Term
| What do Hydrolysis and Condensation reactions do to polymers? |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis breaks a polymer into two because a water molecule is put in between two monomers. Condensation joins two monomers because it connects them through a loss of a water molecule. |
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Term
| What is a carbohydrate? What is the simplest example of a carbohydrate? |
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Definition
| A carbohydrate is a Sugar molecule with Carbon and H20. Simple examples are monosaccharides. (GLUCOSE!!!!!!) |
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Term
| How many valence electrons does carbon have? |
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Definition
4.
Therefore it can make tetrahedral configurations. |
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Term
| Can a carbon rotate on an axis when it has a double bond with another carbon on that same axis? |
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Definition
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Term
| When six carbons are bonded in a circle with alternating double and single bonds, what is the structure called? |
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Definition
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Term
What constitutes a Hydrocarbon?
Is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
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Definition
| A hydrocarbon is an organic molecule that ONLY has Carbon and Hydrogen. It is hydrophobic. |
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Term
| What constitutes a Fatty Acid? |
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Definition
| Generally, hydrocarbons that have long carbon chains. |
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Term
| What is a Structural Isomer? How does it differ from Geometric Isomers and Enantiomers? |
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Definition
| Structural Isomers have a completely different COVALENT arrangement of atoms, but the same atomic makeup. Geometric Isomers have similar covalent arrangements but their atoms face different directions in space. Enantiomers are mirror images of one another. |
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Term
| What is a Functional Group? |
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Definition
| Components of organic chemicals that are most frequently used in chemical equations. |
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Term
| What is a Carbonyl group? |
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Definition
| A carbon bonded to an oxygen with a double bond. |
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Term
| What constitutes an Aldose and a Ketose? |
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Definition
| An aldose has a carbonyl group on the end of the molecule and a ketose has a carbonyl group in the middle. |
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Term
| What constitutes a Carboxyl group? |
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Definition
| A C bonded to an O with a double bond, and an OH group off of the C as well. This makes an acid. |
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Term
| What constitutes an Amino Group? |
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Definition
| A Nitrogen bonded to two Hydrogens. |
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Term
| What function does Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) serve in the body? |
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Definition
| It transfers energy, and releases it by reacting with H2O. |
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Term
| What is a glycosidic linkage? |
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Definition
| It is a covalent bond between two sugars gained by dehydration synthesis. |
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Term
| Starch consists of what types of molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cellulose? What biological structure does it comprise? |
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Definition
| Cellulose is a polymer of glucose in the beta formation and comprises the walls of plant cells. |
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Term
| What is the one class of large biological molecules that does not form polymers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three molecule types are the most biologically important lipids? |
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Definition
| Phospholipids, fats, and steroids. |
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Term
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? |
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Definition
Saturated fa's have all possible H atoms bonded to them and NO double bonds between Cs. Unsaturated fa's have double bond(s) between Cs.
Saturated fats are usually solid; unsaturated are usually liquid. |
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Term
| What's the difference between a cis and trans double bond? |
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Definition
| Cis bonds have Cs on SAME side as double bond, making "c" shape in C skeleton. Trans bonds have Cs on OPPOSITE sides of double bond, creating linear shape that packs nicely and is hard to break down. |
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Term
| What functional groups make up a phospholipid? |
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Definition
Phosphate group.
Two fatty acid tails.
Glycerol. |
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Term
| What constitutes a glycerol? |
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Definition
| It is one type of fat; 3-C alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each C. |
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Term
| What constitutes a steroid? |
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Definition
| A steroid is a lipid that has four fused carbon rings. |
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Term
| Cholestrol is an example of what type of lipid? |
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Definition
| Cholestrol is a steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes. |
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Term
| What are Polypeptides---- What do they compose? What are they made up of? |
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Definition
| Polypeptides compose Proteins. They are made up of a combination of 20 amino acids. |
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Term
| What functional groups make up an amino acid? |
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Definition
-Central Carbon
-Amino group
-Hydrogen
-Carboxyl group
-"R group" |
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Term
| Amino acids are liked by what type of bonds? |
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Definition
| Peptide bonds (between C and N) |
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Term
| What is the difference between the N-terminus and the C-terminus of an amino acid? |
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Definition
| The N terminus is the amino group, the C terminus is the carboxyl group. |
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Term
| What is the cause of Sickle-cell disease? |
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Definition
| A substitution of an important amino acid in hemoglobin. |
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Term
| Genes are made up of what molecules? |
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Definition
| DNA, which is a nucleic acid. |
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Term
| DNA directs synthesis of what compound to further control the creation of what compounds? |
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Definition
| DNA directs synthesis of mRNA, then Proteins are made. |
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Term
| What is a monomer of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group. |
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Term
| How do nucleotides connect? |
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Definition
| Phosphodiester linkage formed by dehydration synthesis. |
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Term
| Pyrimidine and Purine are examples of what bases that make up nucleotides? |
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Definition
| Nitrogenous bases --- Pyrimidine has a 6 member ring, and Purine has 6+5 |
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Term
| What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside? |
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Definition
| A nucleotide has a Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base, and a Sugar. A nucleoside has the other two minus the phosphate. |
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Term
| What are the main characteristics of life? What general things do living organisms require? |
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Definition
Organization and function.
Living things require an energy source, raw organic materials, and removal of waste. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology? |
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Definition
| Anatomy is the study of biological forms. Physiology is the study of bilogical function. |
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Term
| What constitutes a Tissue, an Organ, and an Organ System? |
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Definition
| A tissue is an arrangement of cells with a single function. Tissues make up organs, and organs combine to make organ systems. |
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Term
| What are the four classifications of tissues? |
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Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous |
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Term
| What is the function and properties of Epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
| Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities of the body. |
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Term
| What does connective tissue do, and what are two types of connective tissue fiber? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue is jellylike and sparsely spaced, binds and supports other tissues. Two examples are collagenous and elastic fibers. |
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Term
| What are the six types of connective tissue? |
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Definition
Loose Connective
Cartilage
Fibrous Connective Tissue (tendons, ligaments)
Adipose tissue (stores fat)
Blood
Bone |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
Skeletal Muscle tissue (voluntary movement)
Smooth Muscle tissue (involuntary movement)
Cardiac Muscle tissue (heart) |
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Term
| What is the difference between the endocrine system and the nervous system? |
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Definition
| The nervous system uses neurons and sends nerve impulses to all sorts of cells and is much more fast acting; also, the type of impulse doesn't matter, only the PATH of the impulse matters. The endocrine system uses hormones which are slow acting but last longer and bind to receptors. |
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Term
| How does Homeostasis work? |
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Definition
Fluctuations above a set point trigger a stimulus, which is detected by a sensor and trigger a response, which returns the imbalance to the set point.
This is called Negative Feedback. |
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Term
| What is Thermoregulation? |
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Definition
| Thermoregulation is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range through heat production and exchange. |
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Term
| What are 5 adaptations for thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
Insulation
Circulation
Evaporation
Metabolic rate changes
Convection |
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|
Term
| What are vasodilation and vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
Vasodilation -- blood flow increases, releasing heat.
Vasoconstriction -- blood flow is reduced, which retains heat. |
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|
Term
| What is countercurrent exchange? |
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Definition
| When an artery and vein are close to each other and transfer heat in between each other to regulate temperature. |
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Term
| What area of the brain controls thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
| The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal. (Size, activity, environment.) |
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Term
| What is Biosynthesis? When can it NOT occur? |
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Definition
| Biosynthesis includes body growth, storage of nutrients, and repair. It cannot happen if basic survival needs are not met. |
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Term
| Is the metabolic rate of an elephant high or low? |
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Definition
| It is low because the elephant needs more energy for movement than blood pressure etc. |
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Term
| What is a Metabolic Rate? How do we measure it in animals? |
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Definition
| A metabolic rate is the amount of energy used in a certain time. It can be measured by the intake of Oxygen or expulsion of Carbon Dioxide. |
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Term
| What are the nutritional needs of an animal's diet? |
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Definition
-Organic Carbon and Nitrogen
-Essential nutrients such as Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Vitamins, and Minerals |
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Term
| How do you get a good combination of essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| Eat both plants and protein based foods. |
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Term
| Where do essential fatty acids come from? Are they saturated or unsaturated? |
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Definition
| They are unsaturated and are mainly synthesized, not ingested. |
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Term
| What are vitamins? How many are essential to humans? What two categories are they divided into? |
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Definition
| Vitamins are organic molecules required in small amounts, 13 are essential, and are either fat or water soluble. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minerals are inorganic molecules needed in small doses. ex: teeth, ATP, etc. |
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Term
| What are the four stages of food processing? Describe. |
|
Definition
Ingestion - the act of eating
Digestion - the breaking down of molecules into smaller pieces
Absorption - uptake of nutrients
Elimination - excretion of waste |
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|
Term
| What is the alimentary tract? |
|
Definition
| A digestive tract with a mouth and anus. |
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Term
| What are the four mammalian accessory glands? |
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Definition
Salivary
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver |
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Term
| What does the stomach secrete, and what is this mixture of food and acid called? |
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Definition
| The stomach secretes gastric juices, and creates a mixture called Chyme. |
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Term
| What two things make up Gastric Juice? |
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Definition
| Hydrochloric acid and the ENZYME pepsin. |
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Term
| What do parietal and chief cells do in the stomach? |
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Definition
| Parietal cells release H+ and Cl. Chief cells secrete Pepsinogen, which activates into pepsin. |
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Term
| What protects the stomach lining from gastric juice? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Gastric ulcers are caused by what bacteria? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
| It is the first part of the small intestine, where all the stuff from glands mixes together. |
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Term
| What does the Pancreas produce? (which enzymes and secretion?) |
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Definition
| The pancreas produces the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, which digest proteins in the duodenum. It also neutralizes stomach acid. |
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Term
| Where is Bile made and stored? |
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Definition
| Bile is made in the Liver and stored in the Gall Bladder. |
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|
Term
| What organ removes water from alimentary waste? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where and in what form are energy rich molecules stored? |
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Definition
| They are carbohydrates, proteins, fats. Mainly stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. |
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