Term
| organic molecules are made primarily of what elements? |
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfer. (CHONPS for short) |
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Term
| variety of carbon backbones |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large carbon-based molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller organic molecule that is a building block of polymers |
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Term
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Definition
| chain of monomers covalently bonded together. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that forms polymers. covalently bonds by removing a water molecule. -OH is removed from one molecule and H is removed from the other |
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Term
| Hydrolysis breaks polymers |
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Definition
| adds back the water molecule that was removed |
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Term
| amino acids are the monomers that form what type of polymer |
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Definition
| proteins or polypeptides (the name of the type of bond |
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Term
| 4 levels of protein structure |
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Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary |
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Term
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Definition
| specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide (order is determined by DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen bonds form between polar groups of amino acids in polypeptide backbone. |
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Term
| types of secondary structure |
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Definition
| alpha helix (every 4th amino acid is bonded together) and beta pleated sheets. |
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Term
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Definition
| R groups interact to cause more folding (R groups can be polar and they bond with either other polar groups or water. nonpolar R groups fold into the interior to avoid water) |
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Term
| Quaternary structure (only in some polypeptides) |
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Definition
| Protein made with 2 or more polypeptide chains (same type of bonds as tertiary structure) |
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Term
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Definition
| 5-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose) bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogen base group (5 kinds) |
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Term
| what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose? |
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Definition
| ribose has a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to one carbon whereas deoxyribose only has H bonded to that same carbon |
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Term
Nucleic acids
Monomer?
Polymer? |
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Definition
Monomer-nucleotides
Polymers-DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribose bonded to Nitrogen base and a phosphate group (phosphate has negative charge and causes the double helix shape). |
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Term
| Nucleic acid nitrogen bases |
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Definition
Guanine (double ring) bonds with cytosine (single ring)
Adenine (double ring) bonds with Thymine or Uracil (single ring) |
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Term
| DNA stores genetic information in form of... |
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Definition
| genes that contain sequence for amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogen bases bond with corresponding bases on the same strand. This causes folding which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
| monosaccharides form what polymer |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen and hydrogen occur in carbs in what ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of monosaccharides are... |
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Definition
| Glucose, galactose and fructose |
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Term
| 2 monosaccharides bonded together form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| in water, monosaccharides form what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| many glucose molecules can bond together to form what type of molecule? |
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Definition
| a polysaccharide (or complex carbs) |
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Term
| what are the purposes of the polysaccharides starch, cellulose, and glycogen. |
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Definition
Starch is an energy-storage and carbon-reserve compound in plants and is an important food source for humans.
Cellulose is a structural molecule found in eukaryote cell walls.
Animal muscles and livers store carbs in the form of glycogen.
Polysaccharides consist of many linked monosaccharides and have no fixed size. |
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Term
| lipids are macromolecules that have two primary functions, what are they? |
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Definition
1. Long-term storage of energy and carbon
2. Building of structural parts of cell membranes |
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Term
| fatty acids contain which three elements |
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but not in a fixed ratio |
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Term
| Why do lipids not dissolve in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the building blocks of lipids? |
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Definition
| fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Term
| What is a triglyceride made of? |
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Definition
| Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule |
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Term
| The properties of fatty acids depend on what? |
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Definition
| the length of the carbon chain and the type of bonds between the carbons |
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Term
| What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats? |
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Definition
| Saturated fats have single bonds join the carbons but unsaturated fats have some carbon atoms joined by double bonds. |
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Term
| Why are lipids a better way to store energy than carbs? |
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Definition
| because they have more hydrogen and less oxygen. |
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Term
| What are phospholipids formed from? |
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Definition
| two fatty acids, one molecule of glycerol, and a phosphate group. |
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Term
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Definition
| It has a fused four-ring structure with additional side groups. it produces hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| the region where the chromosome of a prokaryote is stored. This site is the genetic control center of a prokaryote cell |
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Term
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Definition
| small circles of DNA, not part of the nucleoid region. have genes that help bacteria survive under specific conditions (ie. many antibiotic resistance genes) |
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Term
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Definition
| helical structure that acts like propeller. The structure is rigid and turned by a rotary motor at the base where it connects to the bacteria's body. cell movement, enables cells to swim through fluids |
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Term
| Cell Wall-Prokaryotes and eukaryotes (not animals) |
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Definition
| stiff fibers of cellulose (not in prokaryotes), other carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Supports and protects the cell. Allows for the development of turgor pressure. |
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Term
| Plasma membrane-all cells |
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Definition
| made up of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol. A Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded and attached, and carbs attached. Encloses the cell, controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-fluid material surrounding cell structures. surrounds the organelles in the cell. Allows for nutrient exchange since all substances are dissolved in the cytosol. |
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Term
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Definition
| bodies composed of RNA and proteins. Can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER (in eukaryotes). catalyze synthesis of the cell's proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 membranes with nuclear pores, DNA located inside nuclear membrane. the genetic control center (because it contains the chromosomes) and site of ribosome manufacture (nucleolus) |
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Term
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Definition
| small drops of concentrated RNA and protein inside the nucleus. Site of ribosome synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| made of protein. Microtubules, microfilaments, and connecting intermediate filaments. Provides structure for the cell. Holds organelles in place or moves them around by serving as tracks for organelles to travel on |
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Term
| Microtubule-eukaryotes (part of cytoskeleton) |
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Definition
| Hollow tubules (25 nm in diameter) made of protein called tubulin. Help maintain cell shape. Used to form eukaryote cilia and flagella. Move chromosomes during cell division, and serves as tracks that organelles can move along |
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Term
| Microfilament-Eukaryote (part of cytoskeleton) |
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Definition
| solid rods of protein (7 nm in diameter) subunits called actin. Help maintain cell shape. Also causes changes in cell shape and is used in muscle contractions. Forms the cleavage furrow in cell division |
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Term
| Lysosome-Eukaryote-animal |
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Definition
| A cell vesicle (a membrane sac) with digestive enzymes (hydrolytic proteins). Break down cell's old macromolecules for recycling. Some lysosomes fuse with the plasma membrane to release digestive enzymes outside the cell to break down bacteria and other foreign particles. The site of intracellular digestion (Fuse with vesicles containing food particles ingested by cell and uses the enzymes to digest the food). |
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Term
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Definition
| region near the nucleus where microtubules for cell division radiate from, in animals it contains the cetrioles. organizes microtubules that divide chromosomes during cell division |
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Term
| Centrioles-eukaryote-animal |
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Definition
| 9 triplet bundles of microtubules arranged in a cylinder. participate in Cell mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| double membrane, the inner membrane is extremely folded. the place where cell respiration occurs. This process generates energy for the cell by breaking down organic molecules and making ATP |
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Term
| Chloroplast-Photoautotrophic Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| double membrane with membrane discs (thylakoids) inside inner membrane. Site of photosynthesis pigments in thylakoids absorb light for all photosynthesis reactions |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum-Eukaryote |
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Definition
| a system of folded membrane sacs with ribosomes attached. Is continuous with the smooth ER. Forms channels throughout the cytoplasm that connect many organelles of the cell. The attached ribosomes synthesize protein for export outside of cell, or proteins that will be part of a membrane. These proteins pass directly to ER which sends products to Golgi in a transport vesicle. |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum-Eukaryote |
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Definition
| a system of folded membrane sacs without ribosomes attached. Forms channels throughout the cytoplasm that connect many organelles of the cell. Is continuous with the rough ER. makes triglycerides, (fat) phospholipids and steroids from precursor molecules in cytoplasm, detoxifies poisons, stores calcium ions in muscle cells |
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Term
| Golgi apparatus-Eukaryote |
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Definition
| series of membranous sacs. modifies and packages materials received from rough ER and sends these products out in vesicles for export from the cell |
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Term
| Central vacuole-Eukaryote-plants |
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Definition
| large membrane enclosed sac often in the center of the cell and takes up much of the internal space. contains water, digestive enzymes, and stores nutrients and waste products. enlarges as cell matures. |
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Term
| Food vacuole-Eukaryote (usually unicellular organisms like protists) |
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Definition
| Membrane bound vesicle surrounding particles of food formed by endocytosis. Brings food into cell and will fuse with a lysosome which contains digestive enzymes that will break down the food into usable monomer and carbon skeletons for the cell |
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Term
| Contractile vacuole-eukaryote (usually unicellular organisms) |
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Definition
| Membrane sac with microtubules that will help it contract. Pumps excess water out of cell to prevent the cell from bursting. |
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Term
| Transport Vesicle-eukaryotes |
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Definition
| membrane sac from ER or Golgi containing products made in the ER or ER products modified by Golgi. carry materials from the ER to the Golgi apparatus or from Golgi to the destination inside or outside of the cell. Fuse with plasma membrane to release contents outside of cell or fuse with membrane of organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| short flagella. Usually many together with a "9 and 2" arrangement of microtubules and protein surrounded by a plasma membrane. helps move cell around, also lines some organs and help move materials along a cell or tissue moves in an oar like motion against fluid surrounding the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| long cell extensions. Usually one or two together with a "9 and 2" arrangement of microtubules and protein surrounded by a plasma membrane. propels cell in the same axis as the flagella by moving in an undulating (whip-like) motion |
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Term
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Definition
| Any part of a eukaryotic cell that has its own structure and function can be considered an organelle. |
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Term
| Non-compatible chemical reactions can occur simultaniously in eukaryotic cells because of what? What else does this enable? |
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Definition
| Selectively permeable membranes that surround many organelles divide the cell into compartments. This separates specific processes and enables a division of labor within the cell. |
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Term
| How many chromosomes does a prokaryote cell have? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotes have one chromosome made up of a single continuous, circular molecule of DNA. |
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Term
| each Eukaryotic chromosome consists of... |
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Definition
| a single long DNA molecule wrapped around a series of protein spools called histone. |
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Term
| Connected internal membrane system is made of what? What is its function? |
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Definition
| Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and transport vesicles. Proteins made by this system become part of the plasma membrane or other organelles. the lipid membranes of the vesicles also become part of the plasma membrane or the membranes of various organelles. The structure of this system enables it to act as a highway that directs proteins to target points inside the cell and to the plasma membrane for passage out of the cell. |
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Term
| Major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Definition
1. Eukaryotes have nucleus
2. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles.
3. Prokaryote flagella move like propellers but eukaryote flagella are whiplike.
4. Prokaryotes are unicellular but eukaryotes can be multicellular. |
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Term
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Definition
Cocci (spheres)
Bacilli (rods)
Spirochetes (corkscrews) |
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Term
| What were the unique conditions on early earth? |
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Definition
| Shallow seas, primitive athmosphere (formed of N2, CO2, H2, CO, and water vapor), little oxygen in atmosphere, many storms and volcanoes (abundant energy) |
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Term
| Why was little oxygen gas a good thing? |
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Definition
| O2 is corrosive, it takes electrons from other molecules and breaks bonds. because of this, the atmosphere was reducing (atoms that would give electrons to O2 instead form molecules) this could spontaniously generate organic molecules. |
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Term
| What is the one testable hypothesis for the origin of life? |
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Definition
| That the conditions on early earth could have generated a collection of organic molecules that in turn could have given rise to live. This could not happen today because of the O2 rich atmosphere. |
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Term
| What are the four steps of life developement? |
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Definition
1. Organic monomers formed from inorganic molecules
2. Polymers form from monomers
3. Self replication of polymers (RNA and polypeptides) RNA serves as both catalyst and genetic info.
4. Molecular co-ops are surrounded by phospholipid bilayer and can form some life functions. |
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Term
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Definition
-Miller & Urey produced amino acids from their experiment
-Recent experiments have made amino acids, RNA, and DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
Hot clay particles increase ions
Charges concentrate monomers
Monomers must be concentrated for polymerization |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA can serve as catalyst for replicating the polypeptides and also has information on how to replicate the polypeptides. also is able to catalyze synthesizing more RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| in the shallow seas the RNA-protein co-ops could be surrounded by membrane. this would give it a better chance to replicate (co-ops can undergo evolution) |
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Term
| What characteristics of life did these co-ops have? |
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Definition
| self-replicating chemical system that is able to undergo evolution and exchange with its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Ancestor prokaryote anaerobic (does not use 02 for cell respiration) infolding of its plasma membrane, pinched off and caused internal membranes which resulted in the nuclear envelope, the golgi, and the ER.
2. Ancestor prokaryote w/ internal membranes engulf an aerobic prokaryote
3. Some early eukaryotes engulfed a photosynthetic bacteria |
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Term
| the amount of O2 in the atmosphere due to photosynthesis caused many organisms to die out except... |
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Definition
| those organisms that had absorbed aerobic cell. |
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Term
| what evidence is there that mitochondria were originally aerobic organisms that were engulfed and that cloroplasts were originally photosynthetic organisms that were engulfed? |
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Definition
| Both have DNA and ribosomes that are similar to prokaryotes, Both replicate individually of cell division, Both have double membranes, only some have chloroplasts, and ATP is a modified version of a nucleotide |
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