Term
| Why is countercurrent exchange of oxygen in fish gills so efficient? |
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Definition
| It maintains a concentration gradient between the water and the bloodstream for the entire time that the water and blood vessel are in close contact. |
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Term
| Blood flowing out of the narrow, thin-walled vessels in the tissues flows next into: |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds and mammals have similar circulatory systems. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about their systems? |
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Definition
| All of the above are correct statements. |
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Term
| Amphibians must constantly keep their skin moist because: |
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Definition
| the moisture is essential to maintain gas exchange across the skin. |
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Term
| Why do many fish swim with their mouths open? |
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Definition
| They do this to ventilate their gills. |
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Term
| Which of the following is the name of the fluid in an insect's open circulatory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do cells require oxygen gas? |
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Definition
| Cells need oxygen in order to convert sugar into ATP energy. |
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Term
| Blood pressure falls with distance from the heart. Using this information, which of the following properly lists the type of blood vessel from HIGHEST blood pressure to LOWEST blood pressure? |
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Definition
| arteries; capillaries; veins |
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Term
| Both red blood cells and white blood cells are derived from cells in: |
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Definition
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Term
| When blood leaves the right ventricle of the mammalian heart, to which location does it flow next? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fish have a closed circulatory system that is unique among other complex vertebrates. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the fish's circulatory system? |
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Definition
| All of the above are correct. |
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Term
| What circulatory problem leads most directly to the formation of varicose veins? |
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Definition
| malfunctioning valves in veins |
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Term
| Which of the following statements is NOT true about the diving adaptations of marine mammals like the Weddell seal? |
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Definition
| Seals increase their blood pressure when they dive. |
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Term
| The hardening of arteries is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are the skins of amphibians and the lungs of mammals kept wet all the time? |
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Definition
| Gas exchange works best when going from air into liquid. |
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Term
| Which of the following best describes the inhalation process? |
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Definition
| The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. The diaphragm is pulled lower, causing the rib cage to expand. The rapid increase in volume of the chest cavity causes air to be sucked into the lungs. |
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Term
| Fish have a closed circulatory system that is unique among other complex vertebrates. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the fish's circulatory system? |
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Definition
| The heart pumps blood through the body first then past the gills. |
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Term
| A person with a relatively high concentration of diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG) inside his red blood cells would be expected to have: |
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Definition
| hemoglobin with reduced oxygen affinity. |
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Term
| Which of the following statements about the crocodilian circulatory system is FALSE? |
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Definition
| Crocodiles have open circulatory systems. |
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Term
| Which of the following components of the human blood is a cell fragment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Llama hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen. This is because: |
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Definition
| llamas evolved under conditions where the oxygen concentration (pO2) of the air is lower. |
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Term
| Blood has many important functions that are vital to our everyday existence. Which of the following is NOT one of these functions? |
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Definition
| Blood keeps our bodies at homeostasis by maintaining a pH of 4.7. |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT measured by a polygraph? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the correct pathway air takes during a human inhalation? |
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Definition
| nasal passage; pharynx; trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli |
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Term
| Oxygen is carried in the blood stream, throughout the body via: |
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Definition
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Term
| With each heartbeat, the muscle cells coordinate themselves so that each contraction is forceful enough to circulate blood through the entire body. The beat begins in the _____________node, which sets the tempo of each beat, thus giving it the name of pacemaker. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is measured in the polygraph test in order to detect the activity of the sweat glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a major difference between open and closed circulatory systems? |
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Definition
| Open systems are only found in flat organisms, while closed systems are found in organisms with more complex shape. |
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Term
| What is the disadvantage of having a "single circuit" with the gills set between the heart and the rest of the tissues? |
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Definition
| Organisms with this configuration cannot sustain as much activity as those with two circuits. |
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Term
| Which of the following organisms does NOT have a closed circulatory system? |
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Definition
| Both a) and d) are correct answers. |
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Term
| Oxygen is carried by the protein hemoglobin, which can be found in: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What might be the explanation for why crocodiles, but not other reptiles, have an "extra" artery to direct blood to the tissues directly from the right ventricle? |
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Definition
| Crocodiles spend more time underwater and sending blood to inactive lungs makes no sense. |
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Term
| In what way are lymph ducts like veins in the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| They both have one-way valves. |
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Term
| Which of the following CANNOT be done by a mammalian red blood cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| When it comes to acquiring fuel and raw materials, why does the size of a multicellular eukaryotic organism matter? Choose the BEST explanation. |
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Definition
| Larger organisms are made of more cells, most of which are no longer in direct contact with the outside world. |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a diving adaptation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a typical type of lung damage that smoking causes? |
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Definition
| All of the above are typical of the damage smoking causes. |
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Term
| The atrioventricular valves of the human heart have "heart strings" attached to the ventricular side of the valve flaps. These strings, properly called chordae tendinae, reach downward from the valves and attach to the bottom of the ventricles. They are long enough to just allow the valve flaps to shut. Which of the following is probably the biological role of the chordae tendinae? |
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Definition
| They prevent the atrioventricular valve flaps from being "blown backwards" into the atria during ventricular contraction. |
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Term
| Organisms with an open circulatory system: |
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Definition
| pump blood throughout the spaces of their body cavity where it mixes with tissue fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Organisms with an open circulatory system: |
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Definition
| pump fluid throughout the spaces of their body cavity where it mixes with tissue fluids. |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a likely characteristic of an organism that relies on simple diffusion for respiration? |
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Definition
| low surface area to volume ratio. |
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Term
| The three principle functions of the vertebrate circulatory system are: |
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Definition
| transport, protection, and body temperature regulation. |
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