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| site for photosynthesis in plants; contain the thylakoids and the stroma |
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| transforms light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy and stores that energy in sugar and other organic molecules |
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| major organs of photosynthesis |
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| is the green pigment that gives a leaf its color;also responsible for the absorption of the light energy that drives photosynthesis ; located in the thylakoid membrane |
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| primarily in cells of mesophyll (in the leaf interior) |
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| flattened membranous sacs inside the chloroplast; they are arranged in stacks called grana |
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| where the light-dependent reactions occur |
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| the reaction of photosynthesis that converts light energy to chemical bond energy in ATP and NADPH |
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| the fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids and inside the inner chloroplast membrane; site of the light-independent reaction |
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| substances that absorb visible light |
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| the assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes |
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| transforming light energy to chemical energy. |
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| the coupling of electron flow down an electron transport chain to ATP production by creation of a gradient across the membrane |
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| generates ATP by chemiosmosis |
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| Calvin-Benson cycle (aka The C3 cycle) |
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cycle of reactions in photosynthesis in which atmospheric carbon CO2 is fixed (carbon fixation) using ATP and NADPH
Occurs in the chloroplast stroma -No direct light energy required -NADPH and ATP provide the chemical energy |
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| the most abundant protein in the world |
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| process where O2 is combined with RuBP to generate CO2 |
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| reduce photorespiration by a two stage carbon-fixation process |
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| a catabolic pathway during which a six-carbon glucose is split into two three-carbon sugars, which are then rearranged by a stepwise process that produces two pyruvic acid molecules. |
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uses cellular ATP to phosphorylate glycolysis intermediates
costs two ATP molecules per glucose to change it to a highly reactive fructose bisphospate |
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-produces ATP
-yields 4 ATP molecules per glucose
-2 molecules of NAD+ to NADH per glucose
Net gain of two ATP molecules |
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no oxygen present then the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis
can be anaerobic
No ATP production -results in the partial degradation of sugars -regenerates NAD+ |
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oxygen around then the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis
ATP production
-results in the complete degradation of sugars |
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| electron transport system |
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Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
-Accepts electrons from NADH and FADH
-Use the energy from electron transfers to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
-Produces most (90%) of the ATP of cellular respiration. |
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| The inner mitochondrial membrane couples electron transport to ??? |
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| most polysaccharides are broken down to either glucose or fructose |
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| glycerol can enter glycolysis at the start of the energy yielding step |
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| Are hydrolyzed to amino acids, the amino group is removed and enter at pyruvic acid or later (bridge reactions or the Krebs cycle) |
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| The key regulatory point is in ?? |
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