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Definition
| large DNA replication jobs |
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Definition
| lagging strand sections where DNA is replicated |
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Definition
| single strand binding protein keeps DNA strands from binding to themselves |
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Term
| what makes a 3' end when starting DNA replication? |
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Definition
| primase makes a bit of RNA at the beginning of each synthesis |
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Term
| what needs to be fixed after the primase and DNA polyermase 3 do their jobs? |
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Definition
| replace RNA with DNA and fill in gaps |
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Term
| what replaces RNA with DNA in DNA replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| what fills in gaps in DNA replication? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| two Ts next to each other, effected by UV rays |
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Term
| what kind of bound does a pyrimidine dimer form? |
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Definition
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| what does a thymine dimer do and how is it fixed? |
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Definition
| distorts helix, nuclease is added to break Sugar phosphate backbone, about 30 bp are replaced with DNA polymerase 1 |
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| what is the central dogma? |
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Definition
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| RNA polymerase bubble that DNA is transcribed in |
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| promoter, tells what strand and where copying should happen, at -10 |
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Definition
| cap at 5' end, open reading frame, poly-A tail at 3' end |
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Term
| what is gene size compared to protein size? |
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Definition
| larger than what is needed |
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Definition
| introns are removed and aren't transcribeds, exons are translated |
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Definition
| start to stop codon, what is translated |
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Definition
| single strand that can bind to itself, with an amino acid and an anti-codon |
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| where does translation happen? |
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Definition
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| how many genes on each chromosome? |
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Definition
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| does a transcription bubble size change? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a special gene that tells the RNA where to start replicating |
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Term
| a promoter is the site of what? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| first nucleotide to be copied |
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| what does the TATA box tell (strand related) |
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Definition
| which strand to transcribe |
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Term
| where is the promoter usually located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| what kind of RNA is always translated? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of cell usually has mRNA? |
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Definition
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| what is the structure of mRNA? |
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Definition
| 5' cap, open reading frame, poly-A tail 3' |
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Term
| how many As in poly-A tail? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the purpose of cap and tail in mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| spliced out piecing of DNA? |
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Definition
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| translated pieces of DNA? |
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Definition
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| when does splicing happen? |
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Definition
| at the same time as transcription |
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Definition
| on tRNA, complimentary to codon on mRNA |
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| where does translation happen? |
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Definition
| in the cytoplasm on a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| between start and stop codon |
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Term
| the cap on a mRNA contains what? |
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Definition
| a G that happens to be methilated |
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Term
| about how mnay codons does a ribosome cover at a time? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the ribosome parts? |
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Definition
| large and small subunits (2) |
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Term
| how are the amino acids joined on the tRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| bonds between amino acids... |
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Definition
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| ribosome, during translation, moves what way? |
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Definition
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Term
| what anticodon recognizes the stop codon? |
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Definition
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Term
| what causes translation to end at the stop codon? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genes that are being used all the time or most of the time |
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Term
| what does chromatin consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the special form that histones are bound to DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| octamer of histones (4 pairs) |
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Term
| what are the 4 histones on the nucleosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| structure of the nucleosome? |
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Definition
| core has histones, DNA wrapped around core twice (~140bp) |
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Term
| the piece of DNA that rests between two nucleosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| usually how big is a linker? |
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Definition
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Term
| abot how many nucleosomes are involved with each nucleosome? |
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Definition
| 200 (160 of DNA wrapped around histone core and 40 in the linker) |
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Term
| what is another histone involved with the nucleosome (other than H2A, H2B, H3, and H4)? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the charge for each nucleotide? |
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Definition
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Term
| why does each nucleotide have a negative charge? |
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Definition
| 1 oxygen has a negative charge because it is unbonded |
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Term
| what is the charge of proteins in histones? |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the attraction between the proteins in a histone and the nucleotides in DNA |
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Definition
| the nucleotides have a - charge and the proteins have a + charge and they attract |
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Term
| what two amino acids have positively charged side chains? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do histones consist of a lot of? |
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Definition
| lots of argenine and lysine |
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Term
| what is the charge of a histone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a very very small protein about 100 aa |
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| are histones highly conserved? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| how wide are nucleosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| when is DNA at it's most compact form |
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Definition
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Term
| when is DNA at it's most compact form |
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Definition
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Term
| genes make up how much of our genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much of our DNA is exons? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much of our genome is made of transposons? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| kinds of DNA that can move their locations |
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Term
| what is the rest of the genome (other than transposons and DNA)? |
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Definition
| unique (noncoding) or simple seqeunce (repeats) |
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Term
| what are the three main reasons for cell division? (mitosis) |
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Definition
| reproduction, growth, renewal |
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Term
| 1 cell before mitosis, _ cells after |
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Definition
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| example of cell division for reproduction |
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Definition
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| example of cell division for growth |
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Definition
| a fertilized sand dollar embryo begins to grow by dividing into two cells |
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| example of cell division for renewal |
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Definition
| cells in bone marrow divide to maintain the supply of blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| M (mitosis) -> G1 (gap 1, most of the cells life, doing it's thing) -> S (synthesis) -> G2 (gap 2, find mistakes and get rid of them before mitosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| (prime minister at ten) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| G1 in cell cycle, chromosomes condense fully and begin to attach to spindles at the kinetochore, centromeres are moving to poles, nuclear envelope starting to break down |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes attached to spindles and on metaphase plate |
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Definition
| sister chromatids begin to seperate and move to poles, after centromeres split |
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Definition
| on the centromere, where the spindles attach |
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Term
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Definition
| "the end", sister chromatids seperated and at opposote poles of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cleavage furrow forms, cell divides in two, new nuclear envelopes form |
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Term
| plant mitosis differences in cytokinesis from animals |
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Definition
| no clevage furrow, cell plate grows from center |
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Term
| about how many of the species on earth reproduce asexually |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an example of an asexual organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| advantages of asexual reproduction |
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Definition
| only one organism needed, possibly well-adapted |
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| disadvantage of asexual reproduction |
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Definition
| if the environment changes, the babies are screwed |
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Definition
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| how is a karyotype arranged |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 and cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes duplicate and seperate into different cells, then chromatids seperate into different cells making four cells |
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Term
| when does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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