Term
| Early scientists thought ______ was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more ______ than DNA |
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Definition
| Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Study suggested that DNA was probably the genetic material |
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Term
| Chromosomes are made of both ______ and _____ |
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Definition
| Chromosomes are made of both DNA and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Proved that DNA was the cell’s genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| Showed the amounts of the four bases on DNA ( A,T,C,G) |
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Term
_______ must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with _______ |
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Definition
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine |
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Term
| AT CG form what kind of bonds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals |
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Term
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Definition
| Built the first model of DNA using Franklin’s x-rays |
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Term
| Two strands of DNA coiled called a |
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Definition
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Term
Sides of DNA made of
Also known as |
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Definition
Deoxyribose bonded to phosphate (PO4)
Legs of Ladder |
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Term
Center of DNA made up
Also know as |
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Definition
Nitrogen bases bonded together by weak hydrogen bonds
Rungs of Ladder |
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Term
| Most DNA has a ____-hand twist with ____ base pairs in a complete turn |
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Definition
Right hand twist
10 base pairs in completer turn |
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Term
| Hot spots occur where right and left twisted DNA meet producing ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Left twisted DNA is called Z-DNA or _____ DNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Nucleotides (Make up DNA) made up of
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
1.Phosphate group
2.5-carbon sugar
3.Nitrogenous base |
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Term
| How are Carbons numbered? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA are known as Antiparallel Strands because if one strand goes from 5' to 3' the other is ______ in direction and goes from ____ to _____ |
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Definition
| Opposite in direction gores from 3' to 5' |
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Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Purines?
Which are the Purine bases? |
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Definition
Double Ring
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) |
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Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Pyrimidines?
Which are the Pyrimidines bases? |
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Definition
Single Ring
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) |
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Term
| Purines only pair with ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ (#) hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine & Cytosine |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ (#) hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine & Thymine |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA has to be ______ before a cell divides |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is copied during the ____ or _______ phase of _________ |
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Definition
| DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase |
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Term
| Where does Synthesis take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA replication begins at _____ ___ _______ |
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Definition
| Begins at Origins of Replication |
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Term
Two strands open forming Replication _____
What happens here? |
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Definition
Two strands open forming Replication Forks
New strands grow at the forks |
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Term
As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, _______ Bubbles form.
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have _______ bubble(s)
Eukaryotic chromosomes have ______ bubble(s) |
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Definition
Replication Bubbles
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have a single bubble
Eukaryotic chromosomes have MANY bubbles |
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Term
| Enzyme ____ ________ unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| Single-Strand Binding Proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA strands _______ and ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Topoisomerase
Not really important |
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Definition
| Relieves stress on DNA as it separates |
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Term
| Before new DNA strands can form, there must be____ _______ present to start the addition of new nucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA polymerase can then add the new ________ |
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Definition
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Term
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the _____ end of the DNA
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a ___ to ____ direction |
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Definition
3'
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a 5’ to 3’ direction |
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Term
| The ______ _____ is synthesized as a single strand from the point of origin toward the opening replication fork |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ _____ is synthesized discontinuously against overall direction of replication |
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Definition
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Term
| This strand is made in MANY short segments It is replicated from the replication fork toward the origin |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ ________ - series of short segments on the lagging strand |
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Definition
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Term
| Okazaki Fragments must be joined together by __ _______ called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
DNA polymerase initially makes about 1 in _______ base pairing errors
______ proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in ___ ______ base pairing errors |
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Definition
10,000
Enzymes proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in 1 billion base pairing errors |
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Term
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Definition
| New DNA consists of 1 PARENTAL (original) and 1 NEW strand of DNA |
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Term
| DNA contains _____, sequences of nucleotide bases |
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Definition
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Term
| These Genes code for _______ or ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells |
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Definition
| Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells |
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Term
Proteins are made of _____ ______ linked together by peptide bonds
__(#) different ____ ____ exist |
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Definition
Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
20 different amino acids exist |
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Term
| Amino acid chains are called ________ |
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Definition
| Amino acid chains are called polypeptides |
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Term
DNA is found inside the ______
Proteins, however, are made in the _______ of cells by organelles called _____ |
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Definition
DNA is found inside the nucleus
Proteins, however, are made in the cytoplasm of cells by organelles called ribosomes |
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Term
DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the ______
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so _____ ____ can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called _____ _____ |
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Definition
DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the cytosol
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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Term
____ contains the base uracil (U)
____ has thymine (T)
____ molecule is single-stranded
____ is double-stranded |
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Definition
RNA contains the base uracil (U)
DNA has thymine (T)
RNA molecule is single-stranded
DNA is double-stranded |
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Term
| _______ ____ (_RNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes |
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Definition
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes |
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Term
| _________ ____ (_RNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes |
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Definition
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes |
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Term
| _________ ____ (_RNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized |
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Definition
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized |
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Term
Messenger RNA:
_____ _____ chain of Nucleotides
Made in the _______
Copies DNA & leaves _____ _______ ______
Contains the Nitrogen Bases _, _, _, _ |
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Definition
Long Straight chain of Nucleotides
Made in the Nucleus
Copies DNA & leaves through nuclear pores
Contains the Nitrogen Bases A, G, C, U ( no T ) |
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Term
| Sequence of 3 bases called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Made inside the ______ of a cell
Associates with _______ to form ribosomes
Site of _____ _______ |
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Definition
Made inside the nucleus of a cell
Associates with proteins to form ribosomes
Site of protein Synthesis |
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Term
A codon designates an ____ _____
An amino acid may have more than ____ ____ |
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Definition
A codon designates an amino acid
An amino acid may have more than one codon |
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Term
On DNA:
A-__
C-__
On RNA:
_-_
_-_ |
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Definition
On DNA:
A-T
C-G
On RNA:
A-U
C-G |
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Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
_____-____ shape
Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an ____ ____
Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the ______ |
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Definition
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Clover-leaf shape
Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid
Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon |
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Term
The 3 bases of an anticodon are ______ to the 3 bases of a ____
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon ___ |
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Definition
The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon UGA |
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Term
Pathway to making a protein
DNA
_RNA
t___ (______)
_____ |
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Definition
DNA
mRNA
tRNA (ribosomes)
Protein |
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Term
Protein Synthesis
Two phases: ________ & ______
mRNA must be ______ before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
Two phases: Transcription & Translation
mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the ______ ____
_____ copies the template strand
Requires the enzyme ____ _______ |
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Definition
The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand
mRNA copies the template strand
Requires the enzyme RNA Polymerase |
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Term
____ Strand
_______ Strand
_____ Strand
Side that does not code the RNA |
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Definition
Top Strand
Coding Strand
Sense Strand |
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Term
____ Strand
_______ Strand
_____ Strand
Side that does not code the RNA |
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Definition
Bottom Strand
Template Strand
Antisense Strand |
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Term
During transcription, ___ _______ binds to ____ and separates the DNA strands
____ ______ then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into _______ |
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Definition
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA |
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Term
______ are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA
Called the _____ box
Specific base sequences act as signals to _____
Called the ______ signal |
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Definition
Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA
Called the TATA box
Specific base sequences act as signals to stop
Called the termination signal |
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Term
After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA _____
______, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain |
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Definition
After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional
Introns, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain |
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Term
| _____, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ______ |
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Definition
| Exons, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ligase |
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Term
| mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ______ |
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Definition
| mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes |
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Term
______ is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or _ _____ at a time and construct the proteins |
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Definition
Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins |
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Term
Ribosomes are made of a _____ and small subunit
Composed of _____ and ______
Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- _ and _ |
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Definition
Ribosomes are made of a large and small subunit
Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%)
Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- P and A |
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Term
mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit |
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Definition
mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit |
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Term
Elongation=As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
Peptide bonds join the amino acids |
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Definition
Elongation=As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
Peptide bonds join the amino acids |
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Term
The end products of protein synthesis is a _______ structure of a protein
A sequence of ______ _____ bonded together by ______ bonds |
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Definition
The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein
A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds |
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Term
The _____ are cut out of RNA molecules.
The _____ are the spliced together to form mRNA. |
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Definition
The introns are cut out of RNA molecules.
The exons are the spliced together to form mRNA. |
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Term
| _____ specifies the amino acid methionine or serve as a “start” codon for protein synthesis. |
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Definition
| AUG specifies the amino acid methionine or serve as a “start” codon for protein synthesis. |
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Term
_______ are changes in the genetic material.
Two Types:
_______ ______
And ____ ____ |
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Definition
Mutations are changes in the genetic material.
Two Types:
Chromosome Mutations
And Gene Mutations |
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Term
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as _____ ___________.
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as _______ ________. |
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Definition
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations.
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations. |
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Term
| Gene mutations involving a change in _____ _ _____ nucleotides are known as _______ mutations because they occur at a _____ point in the DNA sequence. |
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Definition
| Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. |
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Term
| _____ usually affect no more than a single amino acid. |
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Definition
| Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid. |
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Term
The _______ or _____ of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called ______ ______ |
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Definition
The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called frameshift mutations |
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Term
Frameshift mutations may change ______ amino acid that _____ the mutation.
Frameshift mutations can alter a ____ so much that it is ____ to perform its _____ functions |
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Definition
Frameshift mutations may change every amino acid that follows the mutation.
Frameshift mutations can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations where the Amino Acid Stays same |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| In _______ ________, biologists make changes in the DNA code of a living organism. |
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Definition
| In genetic engineering, biologists make changes in the DNA code of a living organism. |
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Term
During ________, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.
This change to the DNA molecule is known as DNA ________. |
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Definition
During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.
This change to the DNA molecule is known as DNA recombination. |
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Term
| An organism with modified DNA is called ______ |
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Definition
| An organism with modified DNA is called TRANSGENIC |
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