Term
| what are three kinds of metapopulations? |
|
Definition
| classic metapopulation, core-satellite metapopulation, patchy population, and non-equilibrium population |
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Term
|
Definition
| similar size populations with one common population, vacant areas |
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Term
| core-satellite metapopulation |
|
Definition
| one large population with surrounding populations, all connected by large population, vacant areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| all populations connected haphazardly, no vacant areas |
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Term
| non-equilibrium metapopulation |
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Definition
| populations not connected, vacant populations |
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Term
| how many alleles contribute to stickleback shape? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how are stickleback shapes predicatble? |
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Definition
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Term
| what sister species can't breed because of different gene pools? |
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Definition
| Eastern and Western PeeWees |
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Term
| what is an example of a hybrid zone with two species making a third? |
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Definition
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Term
| prezygotic barriers where mating doesn't occur |
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Definition
| habitat, time, and behavior |
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Term
| what happens when prezygotic barriers before breeding don't always work? |
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Definition
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Term
| prezygotic barriers when mating occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| what are postzygotic barriers |
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Definition
| reduced viability, reduced fertility, and hybrid breakdown |
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Term
|
Definition
| low viability, high fertility |
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Term
|
Definition
| high viability, low fertility |
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Term
| example of reduced fertility |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| second generation degrades, Ex. Corn |
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Term
| the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise |
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Definition
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Term
| morphological species concept |
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Definition
| not widely used, less technology, fossils are included |
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Term
| paleontological species concept |
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Definition
| only used on fossils, no current species |
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Term
| ecological species concept |
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Definition
| not widely used, organisms not as fixed entities |
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| population or populations with organisms able to breed and have viable offpsring, not when breeding with other species, based on reproductive ability |
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Term
| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| based on reproductive success and ancestry |
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Term
| evolutionary species concept |
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Definition
| phylogenetic concept and biological species concept combined |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a population becomes reproductively isolated from its parent population |
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Term
| when does the end of a species occur? |
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Definition
| a speciation event or extinction |
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Term
| two most common modes of speciation |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| species divided by a barrier and new species arises |
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Term
| example of allopatric (two step) |
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Definition
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Term
| what is high potentional allopatric |
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Definition
| high genetic similarities, close habitats, less time since seperation |
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Term
|
Definition
| speciation within isolation within the same population |
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Term
| what are two other modes of speciation |
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Definition
| peripatric and parapatric |
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Term
|
Definition
| seperated but adjacent species |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does peripatric happen? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a gradual change within a single lineage so that eventually the descendants are considered to be a different species |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| speciation via splitting of an ancestral lineage |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| one species gives rise to lots of species or kinds within a species |
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|
Term
| can anagenesis and cladogenesis both happen in the history of a species? |
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Definition
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Term
| consists of the overall set of traits an organism possesses that directly affect the number of successful offspring it produces |
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Definition
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|
Term
| can a life history evolve> |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are life history traits? |
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Definition
| age/ size at reproduction, reproductive effort, clutch size, offspring size, and allometric considerations |
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|
Term
| what is the best life history? |
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Definition
| optimization, fitness is maximized, best combination of life history traits |
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Term
| what are two key concepts of life history? |
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Definition
| trade-offs and constraints |
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Term
| what does small egg size in a harsh environment mean? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| does egg size in a benign environment matter as much? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| an organisms life history can be thought of as... |
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Definition
| a series of coordinated "decisions" |
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|
Term
| what is the move from juvenile to adult stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in mammals and birds after reproduction? |
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Definition
| they stop growing, not like reptiles |
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|
Term
| why is size at reproduction not an issue for reptiles? |
|
Definition
| size and reproduction is independent, they'll still grow after |
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Term
|
Definition
| how much effort in breeding compared to other needs |
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|
Term
| what is reproductive effort often measured as? |
|
Definition
| mass of offspring as a fraction of adult mass |
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|
Term
| clutch size evolution is closely related to what ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the relationship between two aspects of a system |
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Term
|
Definition
| spine size as a function of body size |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does a maternal effect exist? |
|
Definition
| exists whenever the conditions experienced by a mother affect the attributes of her offspring in a manner independent of the genes she provides |
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|
Term
| what is the maternal effect often called and why? |
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Definition
| cross-generational plasticity because the effect of the environment on the mother is expressed by her offspring |
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|
Term
| what are four types of behavior that microorganisms show? |
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Definition
| movement, conjugation, bulging, engulfing |
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Term
| what are two types of behavior that plants show? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of a social interaction |
|
Definition
| ants release pheromones (specific chemicals) that allow their nest mates to follow them |
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Term
| an example of communication |
|
Definition
| bees perform complex dances to tell nest mates where to find food |
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Term
| an example of group interactions |
|
Definition
| dingos attacking a wildebeast |
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Term
| example of individual projects |
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Definition
| blue footed boobies making "private" nests |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| monarch butterflies (multiple generations per trip) sooty shearwaters (multiple trips per generation) |
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Term
| warning relatives of danger |
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Definition
| prairie dogs, monkeys make certain calls |
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Term
| example of baby behaviors |
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Definition
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|
Term
| example of higher cognitive abilities |
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Definition
| the crow using deductive reasoning to pull meat hanging on a string to it's branch |
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|
Term
| example of use of tools behavior |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| world experienced by an animal |
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Term
|
Definition
| body size, ablity to move, and sensory capacity |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| send out high frequency, get back frequency. changes indicate locations |
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|
Term
| when does the ear of the moth function? |
|
Definition
| when it hears ecolocation |
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|
Term
| why are the ears of the moth on either side of the body? |
|
Definition
| compares loudness to determine location |
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|
Term
| moth proprioceptor neuron |
|
Definition
| determines wing position to take into account muffling to determine distance |
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|
Term
| how are moth ears adaptive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the moth respond when it hears echolocation frequencies? |
|
Definition
| unpredicatable random movement |
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|
Term
| different species devote different amounts of what to different features? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the appropriate stimulus will elicit the innate behavior without the individual having any experience with the behavior or the stimulus, not learned |
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|
Term
| chick example of innate behavior |
|
Definition
| respond to hawk shadow overhead |
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|
Term
| goose example of innate behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motmots example of innate behavior |
|
Definition
| raise babies to be afraid of coral snakes, recogize pattern |
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Term
|
Definition
| learned in a critical period, biased |
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Term
|
Definition
| got goslings to follow him like he was their mother |
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Term
|
Definition
| people that raise storks dress like them to avoid confusion :) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| biased learning, associations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen, hydrogen and carbon |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| things that appear but are different from what you combined |
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|
Term
| how many atoms make a molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three stable atom particles? |
|
Definition
| protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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|
Term
| what is the number of unparied electrons called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do inert gases and noble gases not combine with other elements? |
|
Definition
| have full shells (8, 2 and 6) of electrons so don’t combine with other atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| strongest kind of chemical bond, sharing a pair of electrons |
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|
Term
| what elements have covalent bonds |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| weaker than covalent, attraction between two ions |
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|
Term
| what elements have ionic bonds? |
|
Definition
| 2 or more metals or a non-metal and a metal |
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|
Term
| what happens in an ionic bond? |
|
Definition
| an electron is transferred to the more electronegative atom |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do hydrogen bonds result from? |
|
Definition
| electronegative nature of some atoms |
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|
Term
| van der waals attractions |
|
Definition
| weakest bonds,due to slight - and + charges in a molecule, more significant in larger molecules |
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|
Term
| what does life depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do hydrogen bonds in water constantly do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| life depends on what properties of water? |
|
Definition
| surface tension and cohesion/ adhesion |
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|
Term
| what depends on water surface tension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what depends on watr cohesion/ adhesion |
|
Definition
| trees, to get water from the ground to their leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| llife depends on water as a ....? |
|
Definition
| solvent,so molecules dissolve and interact with each other |
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|
Term
| carbon is another key to...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gives carbon the opportunity to make many different moleules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things carbon can do... |
|
Definition
| chain length highly variable, can be branched, can contain double bonds, can form rings |
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|
Term
| functional groups modify... |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are monomers removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does hydrolysis remove monomers? |
|
Definition
| it adds water that breaks bonds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some key polymers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is common about amino acid structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two amino acids bonded by a peptide bond |
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|
Term
| how many different peptides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the monomeric unit of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amino terminus (n) and carboxyl terminus (c) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein transport example |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin transports oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the nucleus, tunnels in membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| protein structure example |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| protein regulatory example |
|
Definition
| bind to DNA and make it do something different |
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|
Term
| what is DNA (structure wise) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sugar phosphate backbone and nucleiotides (made of bases) |
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|
Term
| what connects the phosphate groups to sugars in DNA? |
|
Definition
| covalent bonds, very strong |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyr-CUT, cytosine,, uracil, and thymine |
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|
Term
| what kind of ring does a pyrimidine have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pur-AG, adenine, and guanine |
|
|
Term
| what kind of ring does purine have? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of bonds connect bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tails are hydrophobic, heads are hydrophilic |
|
|
Term
| hydrophilic barrier in cells |
|
Definition
| made of phospholipids, bilayer with heads faceing out so tails are away from water |
|
|
Term
| where are the hydrophilic barriers in cells? |
|
Definition
| the circumference and to make compartments in the cell |
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|
Term
| what is the phospholipid bilayer essential? |
|
Definition
| keeps things in and/or out, diffusion would cause equilibrium without it |
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|
Term
| can proteins make channels in the phospholipid bilayers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a cell is a what bound thing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the longest kind of cell? |
|
Definition
| neuron, can be meters long |
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|
Term
| are there a wide variety of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two main kinds of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| us, have a nucleus, organelles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| no membrance bound nucleus, mostly bacteria and unicelluar, no organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| double bound membrane, in EUK DNA is stored as chromosomesnuclear pores in membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| where everything floats around in the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside the nucleus during transcription |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when/ where is RNA made into protein? |
|
Definition
| begins translation in the cytosol, some are finished there and some go into the endoplasmic recticulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound, translation continues, then moves to golgi complex |
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|
Term
| what happens to protein in the golgi complex? |
|
Definition
| sorting and exporting of proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| translating factories in the cell |
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|
Term
| when was genetic material not know, but people were starting to work on figuring it out? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did Morgan's work with fruit flies show? |
|
Definition
| chromosomes are connected with heredity but not if it was the protein of DNA involved |
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|
Term
| why was DNa not thought to carry genetic info? |
|
Definition
| because it is more simple than proteins |
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|
Term
| what was studied by Griffith in 1920? |
|
Definition
| meningitis bacterium in mice |
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|
Term
| what are the two strains of meningitis bacterium in mice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-pathogenic, mouse doesn't get sick and doesn't die |
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|
Term
| smooth meningitis bacterium |
|
Definition
| pathogenic, mouse gets sick and dies |
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|
Term
| heat killed S strain added to R strain |
|
Definition
| heated killed S doesn't do anything, when added to R it kills |
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|
Term
| Avery's mouse meningitis experiments |
|
Definition
| used newly found enzymes: protease, RNase and DNase in heat kill S added to R |
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|
Term
| what enzyme did Avery add where the mice didn't die |
|
Definition
| DNase, which concluded that DNA carried genetic material |
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|
Term
| Hershey and Chase experiment |
|
Definition
| completed Griffith'ss and Avery's work and concluded that DNA carried genetic material, by studying viruses |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do Chargaff's rules only apply to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first crystallograph of DNA |
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|
Term
| key DNA crystallograph x-ray |
|
Definition
| x indicated Helix, base pair set up determined by spaced out spots |
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Term
|
Definition
| determined that only one pyrimidine and one purine fit |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| got info for Watson from Rosalind which helped W+C to figure out DNA structure |
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|
Term
| W+C model replication prediction |
|
Definition
| strands seperate into template strands, tw exact copies are made |
|
|
Term
| how many hydrogen bonds between A and T? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many hydrogen bonds between C and G? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is a DNA molecule "unzipped"? |
|
Definition
| the hydrogen bonds between bp are broken |
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|
Term
| DNA is always added at what end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| added one at a time at three prime end (dTTP, dATP, dCTP, dGTP) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many phosphats attached to nucleoside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 phosphates that don't make it to the sugar backbone... |
|
Definition
| pyrophosphate, broke down into two phosphates that drive the reaction |
|
|
Term
| anti-parallel DNA structure |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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