Term
| Four kinds of molecules that are characteristics of living things |
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Definition
| Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids |
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Definition
| constructed by the covalent bonding of smaller molecules called monomers |
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| polymers with molecular weight greater thatn 1,000 grams |
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| specific chemical properties that attach to a larger molecule |
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| Class of Hydroxyl and example |
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Definition
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| Class of Aldehyde and Example |
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Definition
| Aldehydes Ex: Acetaldehyde |
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| Class of Keto and Example |
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Definition
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| Class of Carboxyl and Example |
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Definition
| Carboxylic Acid Ex: Acetic Acid |
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| Class of Amino and Example |
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Definition
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| Class of Phosphate and Ex: |
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Definition
| Organic Phosphates Ex: 3-Phosphoglycerate |
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| Class of Sulfhydryl and Ex: |
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Definition
| Thiols EX: Mercaptoethanol |
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Definition
| molecules that have the same chemical formula but different arrangement |
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| differ in how their atoms are joined together Ex: butane and isobutane |
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| occur when a carbon atom has four different atoms or groups of atoms attached to it |
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| loss of water to form molecules covalently |
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| break down polymers into their component monomers by adding water |
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Definition
| Catalytic proteins, defensive proteins, hormonal/regulatory proteins, receptor, structural, storage, transport |
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Definition
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| T or F proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains |
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Definition
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| Source of diversity in protein |
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Definition
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| Functional groups of proteins |
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Definition
| carboxyl group and amino group |
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Term
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Definition
| where the amino and carboxyl group and side chain attach at |
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Term
| Two isomeric forms of amino acids |
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Definition
| D-Amino acids and L-amino acids( more commonly found) |
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Term
| T or Famino acids are simultaneously acids and bases |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acids with positive charged hydrophilic |
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Definition
| argine, histidine, and lysine |
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Term
| Amino acids with negative charged hydrophilic side chain |
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Definition
| aspartic acid, glutamic acid |
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Term
| polar uncharged hydrophilic amino acids |
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Definition
| serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine |
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Term
| special cases polar hydrophilic amino acids |
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Definition
| cysteine, glycine, proline |
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Term
| nonpolar hydrophobic amino acids |
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Definition
| alanine, isoleucine, leucine, metionine, phynylalanine, tryptophan, valine |
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Definition
| form covalent bond called disulfide bridge |
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| lacks hydrogen but forms covalent bond with hydrocarbon side chain |
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| peptide linkage ( peptide bond) |
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Definition
| condensation reaction forms the backbone of protein |
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Definition
| the first amino acid added to the chain |
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Definition
| last amino acid added to the chain |
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Term
| T or F C-N linkage allow full rotation |
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Definition
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Term
| C=O has a positive or negative charge |
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Definition
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| N-H has a positive or negative charge |
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Definition
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Definition
| precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held by peptide linkages |
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Definition
| regular, repeated spatial patterns in different regions of polypeptide chain |
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Definition
| right handed coil that results from hydrogen bonds |
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Definition
| formed from 2 or more polypeptide chains that are almost completely extended and aligned |
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Definition
| polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back and forth that result in definitive 3-D shape |
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| T or F the interactions between R groups determine the tertiary structure |
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Definition
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Definition
| when a protein is heated energy will disrupt the interaction |
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Definition
| 2 or more polypeptide chains |
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Definition
| the ways in which these subunits bind together and interact |
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| T or F the shape and structure of protein allow specific sites to bind noncovalently |
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Definition
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| What specifies the bonding of protein |
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Definition
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Definition
| act to counteract threats to 3-D structure |
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| large groups of molecules that have similar atomic composition that bond to hydroxyl groups |
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Definition
| source of stored energy, transport stored energy, serve as carbon skeletons |
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Definition
| glucose, ribose, and fructose |
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Definition
| sucrose - disaccharides made up of covalently bonded glucose |
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Definition
| made up of 3-20 monosaccharides |
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| starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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Term
| T or F all living cells do not contain glucose? |
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Definition
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| T or F glucose exist only in ring form |
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Definition
| False they also exist in straight chains |
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| OH in alpha glucose is on top or bottom? |
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Definition
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| OH in beta glucose is on top or bottom? |
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Definition
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Definition
| five carbon sugars ex: ribose and deoxyribose |
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| T or F most monosaccharides in living systems belong to D series of isomers? |
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Definition
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Definition
| 6 carbon sugar ex: glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose |
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Definition
| monosaccharides covalently bonded together by condensation reactions |
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Term
| T or F Oligosaccharides have additional function groups and often covalently bond with proteins and lipids? |
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Definition
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Definition
polysaccharide of glucose with alpha linkages
principal energy compound of plants and are branched |
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Definition
| water insoluble that is highly branched polymer of glucose found in liver and muscle of animals as storage compound |
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Definition
| predominant component of plant cell walls, is chemically more stable b/c of beta linkages and is linear structure |
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| Additional functional groups of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| phosphates and amino groups |
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Definition
| major component of cartilage |
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Definition
| principal structural polysaccharide in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans and cell wall of fungi |
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Definition
| are hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water b/c of their many nonpolar covalent bonds |
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| T or F lipids have van der Waals forces holding nonpolar hydrocarbons |
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Definition
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| phospholipids play a role in |
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Definition
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| carotenoids and chlorophyll help |
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Definition
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| steroids and fatty acids play role in |
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| lipid coating around nerves provides |
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| triglycerides (simple lipids) |
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Definition
| composed of fatty acids(3) and glycerol |
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Definition
| small molecule with 3 hydroxyl groups = alcohol |
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Definition
| long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and polar carboxyl group |
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Definition
| what bonds carboxyl group of fatty acids and hydroxyl group of glycerols |
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Definition
| single bond and is solid at room temp ex: palmitic acid |
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Definition
| one or more double bonds and is liquid at room temp ex: linoleic acid |
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Definition
| both hydrophobic and hydrophilic |
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Definition
| fatty acids bound to glycerol by ester linkages |
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| phosphate functional group |
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Definition
| negative electric charge and is hydrophilic |
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Definition
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Definition
| a sheet two molecules thick with phosphate head and fatty acid tails |
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Definition
| light absorbing pigments found in plants and animals |
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Definition
| family of organic compounds whose multiple rings share carbons that function as hormones, chemical signals |
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Term
| T or F cholesterol is synthesized in the gall bladder |
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Definition
| False it is synthesized in the liver |
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Definition
| small molecules that are not synthesized by the human body so must be acquired from diet |
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Term
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Definition
| help repel water and are formed by an ester linkage between saturated fatty acid and alcohol chain |
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