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| Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions |
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| The contents of a cell except for the nucleus. It is full of proteins that control cell metabolism |
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| Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from amino acids. One of the central tenets of biology is that DNA makes RNA, which then makes protein. |
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| a white crystalline disaccharide sugar formed during the digestion of starches. C12H22O11 |
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| Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar) also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar |
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| Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. |
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| Any of a large number of compounds found in living cells that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and join together to form proteins. Amino acids contain a basic amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (COOH), both attached to the same carbon atom. |
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| The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants. |
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An organism with more than two sets of chromosomes. |
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A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that determines the insertion of a specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis or the signal to stop protein synthesis. |
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| Any of various compounds consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA. |
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| A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information. |
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| in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy |
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| a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) |
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| any of numerous small particles, containing digestive enzymes, that are present in the cytoplasm of most cells |
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| a membranous complex of vesicles, vacuoles, and flattened sacs in the cytoplasm of most cells: involved in intracellular secretion and transport |
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| a small spherical or rodlike body, bounded by a double membrane, in the cytoplasm of most cells: contains enzymes responsible for energy production |
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| adenosine triphosphate; a nucleotide found in the mitochondria of all plant and animal cells. It is the major source of energy for cellular reactions, this energy being released during its conversion to ADP. Formula: C10H16N5O13P3 |
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| any of two or more variants of a gene that have the same relative position on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative characteristics, such as smooth or wrinkled seeds in peas |
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