Term
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Definition
| An explanation for a set of observations that can be used to make predictions and is well-supported by many tests. |
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Term
| Which of the following hypotheses is NOT testable? |
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Definition
| Evolution is a result of the intervention of God in the development of organisms. |
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Term
| The statement "Acid rain causes declines in Adirondack fish populations" is an example of a scientific hypothesis. |
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Definition
| True The statement is both testable and falsifiable, so it is a valid scientific hypothesis |
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Term
| Which of the following represents an experiment with a good, controlled experiment? |
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Definition
| Martin wanted to examine the effects of fire on growth rates of seedlings. He took 20 seeds from the same plant. Ten of the seeds were burned and ten were left unburned. He planted them all in the same way to see which ones grew better. |
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Term
| In a study of random volunteers who answered a newspaper ad for a cold remedy study, there was a correlation between the use of the remedy and a reduction in the duration of a cold. Why would this result alone not be enough to demonstrate that the cold remedy is effective? |
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Definition
| There might be differences among the volunteers that provide alternative hypotheses explaining the duration of their colds. |
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Term
| Which of the following examples would be considered a primary scientific source? |
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Definition
| Yvonne publishes part of her master's thesis research in a major scientific journal after two months of peer review and revision. |
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Term
| In what way is artificial selection different from natural selection? |
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Definition
| In artificial selection, human preference is the selecting force; in natural selection, environmental conditions are the selecting force. |
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Term
| A small population of deer are introduced to an island. All of the male deer have 11-13 points on their antlers. After several generations if most males have 20 points on their antlers, this is the result of |
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Definition
| when a trait is selected for at the extremes, it is called directional selection. |
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Term
| In a population, which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce? |
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Definition
| The individuals who are best adapted to the environment. |
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Term
| Two nearby populations in which there is some movement of individuals between the two populations is an example of |
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Definition
| Gene flow Correct. Gene flow between two populations can only occur if individuals from the two populations intermix. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that occurs as a result of differences in reproductive fitness. |
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Term
| Hybrid organisms survive but do not produce fertile offspring. This is a postfertilization isolating mechanism called |
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Definition
| Hybrid infertillity Correct. the hybrid is viable, but not fertile. |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT an example of natural selection? |
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Definition
| Scientists breed cows that give greater amounts of milk than their ancestors |
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Term
| Two nearby populations in which there is some movement of individuals between the two populations is an example of |
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Definition
| Gene flow Correct. Gene flow between two populations can only occur if individuals from the two populations intermix. |
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Term
| Which of these most accurately describes a single population? |
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Definition
| all the oak trees in a park A population is all the organisms of an indvidual species living in the same area. All the people in our biology class may actually live in all different areas, and thus come from multiple populations. example: "valley girls" and "urbanites" |
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Term
| In a population, which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce? |
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Definition
| The individuals who are best adapted to the environment. the best adapted to the environment will survive and reproduce. Whoever has the most kids wins! |
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Term
| Hybrid organisms survive but do not produce fertile offspring. This is a postfertilization isolating mechanism called |
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Definition
| Hybrid infertillity. the hybrid is viable, but not fertile |
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Term
| Geographic isolation could result from |
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Definition
| an earthquake. a hurricane.an ice age. a fire |
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Term
| A small population of deer are introduced to an island. All of the male deer have 11-13 points on their antlers. After several generations if most males have 20 points on their antlers, this is the result of |
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Definition
| Directional selection correct. when a trait is selected for at the extremes, it is called directional selection. |
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Term
| A species of bird with an intermediate beak size becomes two separate species with large and small beaks, respectively is known as |
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Definition
| Disruptive selection results in a population with "extremes" of a characteristic |
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Term
| When a population of organisms is evolving, what can you be absolutely sure is happening? |
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Definition
| It is changing. By definition, evolution is change in populations over time as a result of reproductive fitness. |
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Term
| Fruit flies all look more or less alike. If you have a male and female fruit fly, how could you test the hypothesis that they are the same species? |
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Definition
| See if they mate and their offspring can also mate. |
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Term
| In the case of both predation and parasitism, one organism gains benefit (usually dinner) from another organism that is in turn harmed by the interaction. What is the difference between these two types of interactions? |
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Definition
| In predation, the "harmed" organism is actually killed, while in parasitism the "harmed" organism is usually not killed.Predators kill and eat their prey while parasites generally live in or on their prey but do not outright kill them. |
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Term
| Compared with the past 200 years, previous growth in the human population had been: |
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Definition
| Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the human population growth rate had been very slow. |
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Term
| On a graph of population change over a period of time, exponential growth is represented by: |
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Definition
| A steep, nearly vertical segment Exponential growth is represented by a steep, almost vertical segment on a curve showing population change over a period of time |
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Term
| In spite of natural factors that might influence human population growth rates, population growth in some areas appears to be declining because: |
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Definition
| Families and individuals make choices to have fewer children. |
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Term
| Dr. Malone's kids have all of their halloween candy in one bag that they "share". Ben sneaks out of his room after Lily is asleep to swipe candy out of the bag. Lily sneaks out of her room before 7am while Ben is asleep to swipe candy out of the bag. In this instance, their interaction would be described as |
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Definition
| Exploitative Competition YES! They do not directly interact, but are in competition for the spoils of halloween. |
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Term
| The maximum population that can be supported by an environment is known as its: |
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Definition
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Term
| A small nematode roundworm infects a crop-infesting beetle, causing the host beetle to produce fewer eggs. This interaction is an example of: |
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Definition
| Parasitism occurs when an organism uses a host organism as a resource without immediately killing the host; the parasite often reduces the fitness of its host, as the roundworm does to the beetle. |
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Term
| Reputable zoos are very careful to keep pedigrees of all the animals in their collections, so that zoo managers can minimize the risk that animals will breed with close relatives. Why? |
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Definition
| Offspring produced by inbreeding have lowered fitness due to a greater frequency of homozygous deleterious recessive alleles. Sexual reproduction between close relatives (inbreeding) significantly increases the risk of homozygous deleterious recessive alleles. |
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Term
| Why do recovery goals for endangered species usually involve the establishment of more than one viable population? |
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Definition
| Multiple populations reduce the risk of extinction due to localized catastrophes. |
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Term
| The successful introduction of exotic species to a new location is generally a good thing because it increases biological diversity in the region. |
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Definition
| False. Exotic species often reduce biological diversity by competing with native species and causing their populations to decline. |
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Term
| A food chain is best described as: |
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Definition
| A set of chemical reactions by which food is digested in an organism.A food chain traces the flow of energy from the sun to the producers (plants) that produce food to the consumers that feed on them. |
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Term
| The single most important cause of species endangerment at the present time is: |
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Definition
| Habitat destruction.Habitat destruction is unquestionably the main cause of species endangerment today |
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Term
| Any species whose removal from an environment causes a "ripple effect" and results in major changes in population growth or extinction is known as a ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of DNA replication? |
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Definition
| the cell's DNA is doubled |
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Term
| Which term describes a cancerous tumor? |
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Definition
| malignant.Only malignant tumors that can metastasize are called "cancerous" and are considered cancer. |
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Term
| What is the name of the process by which cancer cells break off of tumors and spread to other parts of the body? |
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Definition
| metastasis. Metastasis is the term used to describe a malignant tumor in which at least one cell has broken away and traveled through the bloodstream to set up camp in another area or organ of the body. |
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Term
| Cancer is caused by unrestrained cell division. Therefore, it follows that in attempting to control cancer it is important to understand |
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Definition
| the regulation of the cell cycle. In order to figure out how to stop a cell from dividing inappropriately, you must first understand how it divides under normal circumstances. |
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Term
| Consider a strand of DNA with the sequence GAATTCGGCA. What is the sequence of the complementary strand? |
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Definition
| You are correct! The rules of complementary base pairing determines the sequence of the "opposite" strand. "A" must pair with "T" and "C" must pair with "G". No exceptions! |
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Term
| A polymer of DNA consists of |
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Definition
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Term
| Regular cells when grown in a flask will only grow until they touch each other and then they stop growing. Cancer cells will pile up on each other and form a large mass in culture flasks (and also in the body). what do we call this phenomenon? |
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Definition
| loss of contact inhibition |
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Term
| The cell cycle has checkpoints or stopsigns that halt the process of mitosis. Why do checkpoints exist? |
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Definition
| to allow the cell to determine if any mistakes have been made, and if there have been mistakes, the cell will kill itself. |
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Term
| An oncogene _____________ cell division while a tumor suppressor gene ______________ cell division. |
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Definition
| promotes, stops.Oncogenes are mutated protooncogenes (normal function is to promote the cell cycle at appropriate times) so they now promote cell division at inappropriate times and cause tumor formation. Tumor Supressor genes normal function is to stop the cell cycle and cell division when cells are normally supposed to stop dividing. If tumor supressor genes are mutated, they no longer stop cell division and cause tumor formation. |
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Term
| Classical chemotherapy has more side effects and makes people sick and is not as effective as many of the newly developed targeted chemotherapies. Why is this the case? |
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Definition
| Classical chemotherapy kills all dividing cells, including normal cells that are dividing like bone marrow cells. |
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Term
| A nondisjunction event occurs during the process of making gametes. What does this mean for the gametes involved? |
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Definition
| they will end up with the incorrect number of chromosomes |
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Term
| How many cells result from one cell undergoing meiosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following directly denotes a genotype? |
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Definition
| FF. A genotype is usually denoted by letters that each represents an allele for a gene. |
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Term
| A breeder of Cochin chickens breeds a group of white-feathered hens with a black-feathered rooster. The resulting chicks all develop gray feathers. If feather color is controlled by a single pair of genes, which of the following statements most likely describes the genetics involved? |
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Definition
| The black and white alleles are incompletely dominant. If the black and white alleles that determine feather color were incompletely dominant, the phenotype of the heterozygotes would be intermediate, or gray. |
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Term
| A single gene on the Y chromosome is responsible for "maleness" in humans, which is why the presence of a Y chromosome results in the development of a zygote into a male. What would happen if this "maleness" gene were located on the X chromosome instead of the Y chromosome |
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Definition
| An XY individual would be male.If the "maleness" gene were located on the X chromosome, then the presence of an X chromosome would mean an individual was male. |
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Term
| A person is described as a carrier for a particular genetic disease. What does this tell you about their genotype? |
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Definition
| They must be heterozygous |
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Term
| If a genetic disease is said to be dominant, the only genotype that is not affected (not sick) is __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| On the Indonesian island of Bali, about 3/4 of the feral (stray) cats have a stumpy tail while only 1/4 of the cats have a regular long tail. When you did some experiments and picked out a bunch of random stumpy-tailed cats and mated them, they had some stumpy-tailed kittens and some regular-tailed kittens. You did the same with the the regular tailed cats, but they always had only regular tailed kittens. What does this tell you about the genotype of the regular tailed cats? (hint, make up some punnett squares and see what happens....) |
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Definition
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Term
| A pair of alleles is said to be heterozygous when: |
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Definition
| The alleles are different. |
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Term
| Quantitative traits generally |
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Definition
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Term
| If is genetic disease is said to be recessive, this means that _________ genotype will result in a sick/affected individual. |
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Definition
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Term
| A particular person is said to be a carrier of a genetic disease. What does this tell you about their phenotype? |
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Definition
| They are completely normal |
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Term
| A nondisjunction event occurs during the process of making gametes. What does this mean for the gametes involved? |
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Definition
| they will end up with the incorrect number of chromosomes |
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Term
| During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated from each other based on: |
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Definition
| The length of each fragment |
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Term
| The ABO blood system in humans is governed by three alleles: IA is the blood type A allele, IB is the blood type B allele, and i is the blood type O allele. IA and IB are codominant, while i is recessive. In a family of four children, one has Type O blood, one has Type AB blood, one has Type B blood, and one has Type A blood. What are the possible genotypes of the parents? |
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Definition
| IAi and IBi. These parents could produce children with the genotypes ii, IAi, IBi, and IAIB, which would result in the phenotypes described. |
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Term
| John has blood type O, which means he has two recessive i alleles and cannot pass blood type A or B on to his children. John alleges on a popular national TV show that his wife had an affair because their child has blood type A. He claims that because he has blood type O, he could not possibly have passed the A blood type to his child. What should the TV show host say to John? |
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Definition
| You owe your wife an apology |
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Term
| In class on wednesday Oct 27th, Dr. Malone told us about nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes. Which karyotype did she suspect might be found in the super tall basketball players of the NBA? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false. If a woman has a sex-linked recessive trait ("is sick"), meaning both her X chromosomes have the recessive gene, then all of her sons will have that trait ("be sick") as well. |
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Definition
| True. A woman with a sex-linked recessive trait has two mutant alleles, one on each of her X chromosomes. Therefore, any X chromosome that she passes to her sons will carry that mutant allele. All her sons will have the recessive trait because they only have one X chromosome inherited from their mother; they inherit a Y chromosome from their father. |
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Term
| Joey was about to learn who his biological father was because the court had ordered DNA fingerprinting to be done, and he could hardly wait to see the results. He had seen an example of a DNA fingerprinting gel that had several columns with patterns of black lines. If Joey saw the results of his DNA fingerprint compared to his parents' fingerprints, what would he expect to see? |
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Definition
| All of the bands in his DNA fingerprint would be found in either his mother's or his father's DNA fingerprint. |
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Term
| A sequence of DNA codes for a |
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Definition
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Term
| A couple is going through in vitro fertilization where the eggs are taken from the female and the sperm are taken from the male in a doctors office, then mixed together in a petri dish. If the doctor takes a random egg, but picks out a single sperm that has the Y chromosome and fertilizes the egg with it, the zygote will develop into a _____________offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetically modified foods can increase agricultural production and yield by |
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Definition
| . increasing pesticide resistance in plants. making plants more resistant to freezing. improving the shelf life of crops. |
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Term
| A sequence of DNA codes for a |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of copying a sequence of DNA nucleotides into a complementary sequence of RNA nucleotides is called |
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Definition
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Term
| A polymer of DNA consists of |
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Definition
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Term
| A mutation known as a frameshift mutation generally changes all the amino acids added at the mutant site and all of the rest of the amino acids beyond this site. which of the following mutations would cause a frameshift mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
| A dysfunctional gene may affect one type of cell in the body, but not other types, because: |
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Definition
| Cells express only the genes required for their particular activities. Cells only use the genes they need for their particular function; for example, only eye cells express rhodopsin |
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Term
| The process of translation occurs in the ________________ and the amino acids are linked together in to protein by the _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A couple is going through in vitro fertilization where the eggs are taken from the female and the sperm are taken from the male in a doctors office, then mixed together in a petri dish. If the doctor takes a random egg, but picks out a single sperm that has the Y chromosome and fertilizes the egg with it, the zygote will develop into a _____________offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
According to the central dogma, what molecule should go in the blank?
DNA ________ Proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the most accurate representation of the organization levels of the genetic information in cells? |
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Definition
| nucleotides genes chromosomes genome |
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Term
| The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The structure that is responsible for increasing and decreasing the volume of the chest cavity is the: |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following components of blood are produced in the bone marrow EXCEPT: |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon monoxide is found in cigarrette smoke. Why is this gas so detrimental to your health? |
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Definition
| It binds to hemoglobin better than oxygen and therefore decreases the oxygen supply to our tissues and brain. |
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Term
| The process of translation occurs in the ________________ and the amino acids are linked together in to protein by the _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following conditions results from the buildup of scar tissue on the lungs, which makes the lungs less elastic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which molecule carries the message from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the code is translated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function? |
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Definition
| physically trapping pathogens so they can be removed |
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Term
| If a pathogen can be passed from one person to another person, it is said to be _____________. |
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Definition
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