prokaryotic: gonnirihea, merca

eukaryotic: giardia

funal: athlete's foot, yeast infection

animal: worms

capsule

vs.

capsid

1) helps bacteria attach to cells within tissues to infect and escape distruction

2) protein coat of a virus

Neutrophils & Macrophages

Similarities and Differences

Similarities

• both phagocytic cells

• both engulf pathogens 

Differences

• macrophages release chemical signals which promote more inflammation & fever
• neutrophils secrete neutrophil extracellular traps(NETS) which trap and kill bacteria

wound-->mast cells respond-->release hystamine-->hystamine response--> leaking capillaries-->fluid enters tissue-->swelling, redness, pain,fever.

Clotting factors: stops bleeding, contains infection

Macrophages

• player in immune system/inflammation
• phagocytic cell-->engulf pathogens
• release chemical signals which promotes more inflammation

Pathogen

• "bad guy" also called an antigen
• foreign substance
• disease causing organism

T-cells (T-lymphocite)

Cytotoxic T-cells

Helper T-cells

• constantly being produced in bone marrow
• Cytotoxic=kill infected cells
• Helper T-cells: regulate immune system--> regulates T_c cells

• B-cells: secrete antibodies to combat extracellular pathogens
• Naive B-cells: activation-signal from:
• T_H & Contact matching antigen
• has to bind matching ag
• cell divides: plasma b cells secrete antibodies
• memory b-cells secrete antibodies which binds antigen
• recognize surface features, assists macrophages & phagocytosis
• neutrolizes virus: prevents virus from binding and infecting host
• antibodies help macrophages bind/iongest pathogen cells

• class of pathogen that isn't truly alive
• can't replicate with out host cell
• lacks enzymes for metabolism

3 domains:

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

4 Kingdoms

• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
• Domain Bacteria: kingdom with pathogenic members

• ingestion
• inhalation
• intermediate host (insect)
• contact with body fluids
• blood
• stds

Phagocytosis

(ingestion of pathogens)

• done by neutrophils and marcrophages
• enter damaged tissues
• engulf pathogens and debris
• set off toxic oxygen reactions to kill

Characteristics of Immune System

(3rd line of defense)

• extremely specific down to different strains of pathogens

• has a memory of organisms/pathogens it has encountered previously
• Respond slowly to initial infection by a pathogen but rapidly to reexposure.

• cells that secrete proteins that bind and inactivate antigens
•  recognizes surface features on the antigen
• 1 antigen has multiple surface features-->recognized by different antibodies
• antigenic determinate-->small surface feature recognized on antibody
• Each antigen recognizes only one antigenic determinate
• Each B cell makes only one type of antibody