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Definition
| Splits the brain from front to back, and shows the Dorsal and Ventral side of the brain. |
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| Slices the brain from the right and left side.The Dorsal and ventral view of the brain. |
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| Slices the brain from top and bottom, "horizontally". Shows the Rostral and Caudal view of the brain. |
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Definition
Protective layers covering the CNS.
Starting with Dura mater,arachnoid membrane, subarchanoid space,Arachnoid trabeculae, Pia mater,(Brain). |
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Openings in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
-Lateral Ventricles
-Third Ventricle
-Fourth Ventricle |
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Definition
| Made by the choroid plexus, composed of ependymal glial cells which produce CSF. |
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| Where does Cerebrospinal fluid? |
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Definition
| Flows from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd Ventricle to the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle.It enters the subarachnoid space. |
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Definition
| Hollow tube along the back of the embryonic cell mass. It develops in the CNS, and forms 3 ventricles at the rostral end. |
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| The tissue surrounding the Ventricles, and becomes the Forebrain, Mid-brain, and Hindbrain. |
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Definition
| Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses. |
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| Three functional types of neurons |
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Definition
-Sensory Neurons,Motor neurons,Interneurons.
Sensory Neurons:Bring info into the CNS from the periphery.
Motor Neurons:Carry information from the CNS to the periphery.
Interneurons:Entirely within the CNS,relay messages between neurons. |
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| Three neuronal structures |
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Definition
-Multipolar neuron: 1 axon, several dendritic trees.Motor and interneurons.
-Bipolar Neuron (a) :1 axon, 1 dendritic tree.Sensory.
-Unipolar neuron: 1 axon, sensory.
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Definition
Glial cells support neural function.
-Store and provide nutrients
-Support and protect the neurons
-Provide insulation for neuronal signals
-Keep the brain clean.
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Definition
-Arms wrap around blood vessels and neuronal structures.Nourishment and support.
-Isolate the synaptic Cleft.
-Maintain chemical composition of extracellular space.
-Clean up cell death by
-Phagocytosis
-Glial scars
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Term
| Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwan cells |
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Definition
Provide nourishment and insulation in the form of the Myelin Sheath.
-Mylein
-Nodes of Ranvier |
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Definition
| Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Schwan Cells, and Microglia. |
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Definition
Brain's immune system:
-Protects against foreign microorgainsms
-Produce inflammatory response to damage and disease.
-Smallest glial cells. |
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Term
| Blood-Brain Barrier definition and function? |
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Definition
Composed of tightly -packed cells of the cerebral blood vessels.
-Regulates entry into the CNS from the blood.
-Protects the brain from toxins.
-Semipermeable:some molecules can sneak in.
-Toxins reach the area postrema.
-Sex hormones reach areas controlling sexual functions/development. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sensory neuron detects the pain stimulus.
2.Message is sent to the terminal buttons in the spinal cord.
3.Message is passed to an interneuron inside the spinal cord.
4.Interneuron passes message to a motor neuron.
5. Motor neuron sends a message to contract the muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in the electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell ( across the membrane). |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
The inside of a neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside.
-Varies by neuron (50mv--80mv)
-The cell is polarized= negative direction
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Definition
Outside the Cell: positively charged sodium (Na+) ions and negatively charge Chloride Cl-.
Inside the Cell:Positively charged potassium (K+) ions and negatively charged organic anions. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Pulls the ions towards the membrane. |
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Definition
Also pulls ions towards the membrane.
-Negative interior attracts positively charged ions.(Keeps Cl- out)
-Positive exterior attracts negatively charged ions. (Pushes out K+) |
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Definition
| The balance between potassium and sodium ions in and out of the neuron is maintained by the sodium/potassium pump. |
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Definition
An action potential either occurs or it doesn't.
-Magnitude is always the same.
-Once initiated, the action potential travels down the axon without diminishing in strength. |
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Definition
The strength of a response depends on the firing rate of the cell.
-Friring rate measured as the number of action potentials within a period of time (seconds). |
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Definition
-In a myleinated axon, teh electrical charge is passively conducted down the axon between nodes.
-At each Node of Ranvier ,sodium enters and the
depolarizes.
- Increases the speed of transmission.
- Decreases the energy needed to pump sodium out of the cell.
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Term
| What does action potentials depend on? |
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Definition
| On the sodium influx from the extracellular fluid. |
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Term
What happens when sodium enters the Node of Ranvier?
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Definition
-The membrane depolarizes( because Na+).
-Increases the speed of transmission of action potential (adults vs. child cognitive process, because we have gotten all our mylein.)
-Decreases the energy needed to pump sodium out of the cell(saves energy).
-Action potential Opens Sodium channels and moves all the way down the axon. |
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| Within neuron communication |
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Definition
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Term
| Between neuron communication |
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Definition
| -Chemical signal (Synaptic transmission). |
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Definition
| -Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron, diffuse across the synapse and bind to the postsynaptic neuron. |
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| Where do we find receptors? |
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Definition
| On dendrites or the soma (Cell body). |
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Term
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Definition
-On the terminal button of the axon.
-Contains vesicles carrying neurotransmitter (NT info).
-Transporter molecules |
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Definition
-On the dendrite, soma, or axon.
-Contains receptors |
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Term
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Definition
-Telencephalon
- Cortex
- Limbic System
- Basal Ganglia
-Diencephalon
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Term
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Definition
-Located on the ventral mesencephalon.
-Reticular formation:arousal.
-Periaqueductal grey area: Pain, species specific behavior.
-Substantia Nigra
-Ventral Tegmental area
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Definition
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Definition
-Chemical messages from other neurons affect the neurons charge.
- Depolarizations are called Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs)=Increase the charge in a neuron.
- When the cell is depolarized to it's threshold , and action potential occurs.
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Definition
-Hyperpolarizations are called inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs)
- Decrease the charge in the neuron.
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Term
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Definition
-K+ is forced out of the cell, which decreases the charge inside the cell and K+ channels close.
-K+ ions trapped outside of the cell result in temporary hyper-polarized membrane potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Ion channels reset and te Na+/K+ pump returns the ions to the normal gradients. |
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Term
Binding sites (Neurotransmitter binding)
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Definition
_Specialized regions on the postsynaptic receptor molecules.
-Uniquely shaped |
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