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DNA & protein in the nucleus of a nondiving cell; in interphase.
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DNA & protein in the nucleus of a dividing cell; mitosis and meiosis. |
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One of two identical halves of chromosomes. Two identical chromatids are called sister chromatids.
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Structure that serves as point of attachment for the two sister chromatids.
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Organelle in animal cells that helpsorganize organic spindle fibers; mitosis and meiosis. |
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Protein tubules that attach to the chromosomes and move them during mitosis and meiosis. |
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The events that occur in the life of a cell. |
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Asexual reproduction in somatic (body) cells that produces two diploid daughter cells identical to the mother cell. |
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Division of the nucleus that produces four haploid daughter cells. Occurs in gametes.
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Division in which homologous chromosomes are separated. Creates two haploid cells, which then go through meiosis II.
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Division in which sister chromatids are pulled apart to produce (in total) four haploid daughter cells. |
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The physical divsion of the cell into two separate daughter cells. Comes after mitosis/meiosis and is part of the M phase. |
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The time between the "birth" of a cell and its reproduction. Contains the Gap1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. |
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Also called G1. Contains most of the growth cycle for cells. |
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S stands for Synthesis. Contains the replication of a cell's DNA in preparation for mitosis/meiosis. |
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Also called the G2 phase. When the cell prepares for mitosis/meiosis. |
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Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and location of the centromere. Hold corresponding genes in corresponding locations. One is inherited from the mother, the other from the father. |
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(N). A cell with only one chromosome from each homologous pair.
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(2N). A cell with both chromosomes from each homologous pair.
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Diploid. Sexual reproductioan cells. ie, sperm, egg. |
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Process of pairing homologous chromosomes. Occurs in Prophase I in meiosis I. |
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Homologous chromosomes that are intertwined. Prophase I (meiosis I). |
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Exchange of corresponding genes in homologous chromosomes in a tetrad. Encourages genetic variation.
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When a cell mutates and fail to respond to cyclins. It divides too quickly and too often, resulting in daughter cells with the same mutation. |
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Three of the four daughter cells produced in female meiosis. They receive little cytoplasm and disintegrate. The other cell becomes an egg.
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A clump of cancer cells. Can be benign or malignant. |
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A tumor that is unlikely to spread.
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A tumor that is likely to spread, ie, through bloodstream or lymph system.
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The process wehre cancer spreads from one part of the body to another. Usually throughbloodstream or lymph fluid. |
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Programmed cell death. Usually after they have divided a number of times. Cancer cells use an exzyme (telomerase) to prevent this and divide indefinitely.
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Places where it is determined if the cell cycle should proceed. Three important ones: between G1 & S, between G2 & M, between metaphase and anaphase. Checks for size, genetic information duplicated, no mutations, chromosomes connected to spindles, etc. |
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Cyclins act as control switches that cause the cell to move through phases; eg. assembly of mitotic spindle, breakdown of nuclear membrane, formation of chromosomes from chromatin, separation of sister chromatids, etc. They activate CDKs (cyclin dependent kinases - enzymes) that speed up specific proceeses necessary for the cell cycle. |
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Give a difference btween cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
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Plant cells have a cell plate; animal cells "pinch off" |
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» Chromatin condesnes to form chromosomes. » spindle fibers from "bridge" across cell. » Nucleolus & nuclear membrance break down.
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» Spindle fibers move chromosmes to equator of cell.
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» sister chromatids of a chromosome pulled apart and become chromosomes. » spindle shortens » new chromosomes move toward opposite ends of cell.
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» Chromosomes stsart to uncoil to form chromatin. » Nucleoli & nuclear membrances reform. » Spindle fibers break down. » Cytokinesis has already begun. |
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