Term
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Definition
eukaryotes
made of chitin (N-containing carb)
rigid and flexible, found in exoskeleton of insects
heterotrophic
absorptive mode of nutrition
release enzymes to break down polymers
made entirely out of hyphae
dominant phase of life cycle - mycelium |
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Term
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Definition
| what the fungus is growing inside of and eating |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular fungi w/o flagella |
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Term
filamentous life cycle
hyphae
mycelium |
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Definition
filamentous life cycle exploring turf
hyphae together form mycelium - mass or body of fungus |
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Term
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Definition
sexual - meiosis
asexual - mitotic
also called conidia
water produced by molds |
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Term
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Definition
| disperses spores by swollen cell at tip that looks black; bunch of asexual spores; hat-thrower; goes through cow, detects light and points sporangiaphores towards light, pressure builds and it bursts; crystalline look |
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Term
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Definition
mushrooms; multicellular; not all fungi have them
mushrooms are sites of meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| fungi in a ring, mycelium in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
saprotrophs (feed on dead organic matter)
(detritovore)
recycle
polymers (dead leaf) --> convert
decompose plant material which are made of cellulose - animals can't break it down
can break down lignin |
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Term
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Definition
yeast infections - candida albicans
ringworm - trichophyton rubrum
lung tissue fungus - pneumocystic carinii
bob dylan fungus - histoplasma capsulatum
carnivorous fungi - actively trap kill and eat small living things |
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Term
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Definition
biotrophs
obtain nutrition from another living organism
kill vascular cambium of plants |
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Term
| antagonistic interactions |
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Definition
one species benefits at the expense of another
ex. predation |
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Term
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Definition
symbiotic relationships where both partners benefit; each tries to maximize fitness
ex. multicellular algae, cyanobacteria, green algae
lichen symbiosis - lichen functions as primary colonizer
fungal hyphae surround algal cells |
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Term
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Definition
attine 'leaf-cutter' ants--- ants don't have cellulase so can't digest plant material, so cultivate fungus in underground gardns, ants feed leaves to fungus, grow, produce cell that produces food/nutrution for ants --- AGRICULTURAL symbiosis
tending of a particular crop that's then harvested for food
bacteria live on surfaces that inhibit growth of competing fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| enhanced uptake of nutrients by plants/ carbs by fungus |
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Term
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Definition
food; mushrooms, corn smut
fermented food and drink; saccharomyces cervisiae, sugar fungus or beer, bakers yeast, miso and soy sauce
secondary metabolites; antibiotics, phalloidin, red yeast
enzymes; lignin, pslocyte shrooms
model systems; experimental orgnaisms used by biologists who want to understand how metabolism works, yeast is a helpful model system |
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Term
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Definition
primitive form of fungi
closely related to animals
losses of flagellum
evolution of fungi tied to evolution of life on land
paraphyletic group
1000 species
saprotrophs
pathogens
frog chytrid - infects skin of frogs, which do gas exchange across skin |
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Term
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Definition
closely related to chytrid
amitochondria protists
unicellular
lost or highly reduced mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
1000 species
saprotrophs, pathogens
mitotic and meiotic
filamentous
don't make muchrooms
lack flagella (all except chytrid) |
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Term
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Definition
100 species
asexual
no fruiting bodies
entirely symbiotic
arbuscular mycorrhizzae
80% plants related to this fungi |
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Term
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Definition
clade that includes ascomycetes and bastidomycetes
yeast
mold
asexual/sexual
some produce complex fruiting bodies
true multicellular structures started |
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Term
fungal life cycle
(basidiomycetes) |
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Definition
| begins with haploid spore, germinates to form mycelium, mating occurs w/ hyphae, fuse to form secondary mycelium, pasmogomy occurs which gives two haploid nuclei -- dominant phase of life cycle, dikaryotic phase, when conditions are right create fruitful body, creates diploid cell, undergoes meiosis, produces set of spores which are haploid and continue life cycle |
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Term
| Animal general characteristics |
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Definition
heterotrophic
mode of nutrition - ingestion
all multicellular
no cell walls
extra cellular matrix - collogen, proteogycans
integrins - proteins in plasma membrane, attached to microfilaments and elements in cytoplasm, involved in signaling with environment
junctions - hold cells together
desmasomes - tight junctions bind cells in tissues together
cell types in animals - muscles and nerves |
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Term
| Animal general characteristics |
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Definition
heterotrophic
mode of nutrition - ingestion
all multicellular
no cell walls
extra cellular matrix - collogen, proteogycans
integrins - proteins in plasma membrane, attached to microfilaments and elements in cytoplasm, involved in signaling with environment
junctions - hold cells together
desmasomes - tight junctions bind cells in tissues together
cell types in animals - muscles and nerves |
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Term
| Animal general characteristics |
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Definition
heterotrophic
mode of nutrition - ingestion
all multicellular
no cell walls
extra cellular matrix - collogen, proteogycans
integrins - proteins in plasma membrane, attached to microfilaments and elements in cytoplasm, involved in signaling with environment
junctions - hold cells together
desmasomes - tight junctions bind cells in tissues together
cell types in animals - muscles and nerves |
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Term
| Animal general characteristics |
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Definition
heterotrophic
mode of nutrition - ingestion
all multicellular
no cell walls
extra cellular matrix - collogen, proteogycans
integrins - proteins in plasma membrane, attached to microfilaments and elements in cytoplasm, involved in signaling with environment
junctions - hold cells together
desmasomes - tight junctions bind cells in tissues together
cell types in animals - muscles and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
zygote, cleavage into eight-cell stage
cleavage into blastula (blastocoel inside)
gastulation
gastrula - blastocoel, endoderm, dctoderm, archenteron, blastopore |
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Term
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Definition
homeotic genes
turn on and off suites of genes that are involved in development |
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Term
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Definition
in gastulation
expressed in region of blastula used in formation of gastrula |
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Term
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Definition
radial - sessile (attached to substrate), planktonic, slowly swimming, ex. sea annename, sea stars
bilateral - anterior and posterior ends, sensory organs at anterior ends called cephilization. ex. orca
sponges lack all symmetry |
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Term
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Definition
diploblastic - only endo and ectoderm, all animals with radial symmetry
triploblastic - edo, ecto, and mesoderm
endoderm gives rise to lining of digestive track, organs such as liver, lungs
mesoderm gives rise to muscles |
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Term
| formation of body cavities |
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Definition
coelomates - mesoderm
pseudocodomates - ectoderm and mesoderm
alcoelomates - no body cavities |
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Term
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Definition
protostome -- mouth first, blastopore becomes mouth, ex. mollusk
deuterostome -- mouth second, blastopore becomes anus, ex. sea urchines, orca |
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Term
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Definition
675-900 mill years
molecular clock dating uses dicergence and gene sequences to estimate age in which two organisms had a common ancestor
phylogram - branch lengths proportional to amount of genetic change
chronogram - branch lengths proportional to time |
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Term
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Definition
535-525 million years ago
sudden appearance of half of animals
due to predator/prey relationships, increased concentration of )2 in atmosphere enabled explosion because of aerobic animals, due to hox genes, or combinations |
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Term
| animal phylogeny overview |
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Definition
animals are monophyletic
sponges (porifera) are early diverging
radiata form a grade
bilateria are monophyletic |
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Term
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Definition
sponges
5500 species
most primitive group of animals
lack symmetry and true tissues
aquatic, filter feeders
cells called choanocytes - filter, similar to cells of chanoflagellates |
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Term
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Definition
animals with true tissues
diploblastic - cnideria and cnetophores
triploblastic - bilateria (lophotropozoe and ecdicyozoa)
duderostomia (ecidoderms and cordates) |
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Term
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Definition
diploblastic eumetazoa
jellies
anemenies
corals
cell type called nytocyte - used for feeding and defence |
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Term
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Definition
cone jellies
rows of cilia on body that help them move
form grade with cnideria |
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Term
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Definition
within bilateria
feeding stage
ciliated crest called lophophore
tropophores also larval feeding stages
platyhelminthes - flatworms
analyds
mollusks |
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Term
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Definition
in bilateria
process of ecsices - also called molting |
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Term
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Definition
in duderostomia which is in bilateria
group of about 7000 species
sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
slow moving
water vascular system |
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Term
| platyhelminthes 'flatworms' |
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Definition
in lophoptochozoa
worms
flat
accelomates
lack organ system for circulation and gas exchange, so it occurs directly across the body
some free living, some parasitic
planerians
capacity for regeneration
trematoad - reproduces in human
cestods - tapeworm, head is designed to attach to gut of host, bundles of reproductive organs in body, functions by absorption across its body |
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Term
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Definition
'little ring'
segmented body, each filled with fluid
earthworm
hydrostatic skeleton
parastaltic movement-- when circular musclesare contracted they lengthen, and longitudinal muscles widen when contracted
olygocetes - 'few bristle'
polycetes - 'many bristle', marine, predatory
leeches - predators or parasites, land and marine |
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Term
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Definition
93,000 species
snails, slugs, clams
have muscular foot that has been modified in different species for different uses
variation in nutritional modes
gastropods
bivalve
cephilopods |
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Term
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Definition
in mollusks
snails and slugs
mouth parts modified into radula - raspy feeding
herbivores
some predatory gastropods
proto farming
sea slug |
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Term
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Definition
in mollusks
clams, mussels, oysters
filter feeders
food modified as an anchor
can pull itself down into the sediment
giant clam |
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Term
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Definition
'head foot'
octopus, squid
food modified into siphon in some cases
some octopi can learn by observation
symbiotic associations (some)
little squid, counterluminescence, hunts by night. |
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Term
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Definition
ecdysis (molting)
huge and diverse
6 major phyla
-nematods
-arthropods
... |
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Term
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Definition
roundworms
25000
ecdysis
plant pathogens
parasites that effect humans and other animals
trichinella - causes trichinosis, burrow into muscle tissue
heartworm
elephantitis |
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Term
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Definition
velvet worms
110 species
ancient groups
sister group of arthopods
diversification of hox genes |
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Term
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Definition
'most sucessful' in # of species
exoskeleton
segmental bodies
jointed legs
chelizeriforms - pincer like mouth parts, horsehoe crabs, mites, scorpions, spiders, tics
myriapods - 'many foot' centipede, millipede, first terrestrial air breathing animals
hexopods - 6 footed, insects and relatives, 3 pairs of legs, incomplete metamorthosis, complete metamorphosis
crustaceans - crabs shrimps, krill, barnacles |
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Term
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Definition
chordates
craniates
vertebrates
gnathostomes
osteichthyes
lobe-fins
tetrapods
amniopods
archosaurs
mammals |
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Term
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Definition
very diverse
notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
muscular tail
nested set of clades
cephalochondates (lancelets) - no brain but swelling at anterior end of nerve cord
tunicates - urochordates, seasquirts, takes in water and pushes water out in cyphens, lining containing mucus, filter feeder |
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Term
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Definition
chordates with a head
hagfishes (myxini)
neural crest
skull cartillagenous |
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Term
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Definition
lampreys
vertebral column - certilaginous
no jaws |
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Term
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Definition
jaws
mineralized skeleton
jaws derived from structural elements that supported gills
chondrichthyes - whalesharks |
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Term
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Definition
'bony fishes'
lungs and lung derivatives
ray-finned fishes - gas filled sac used to regulate buoyayncy - swim bladder, homologous to lungs
seahorses |
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Term
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Definition
rod-shaped bone in fins
2 clades
-coelacanths
-lung fishes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
amphibians
amniotes
reptiles |
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Term
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Definition
salamanders, frogs, caecilians
about 6000
'both ways'
paedormorphosis - retention of juvenile characteristics from ancestors in adults
gas exchange across skin |
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Term
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Definition
amniopods
large clade includes reptiles birds mammals
tetrapods with an amniotic egg
amnion - provides fluid filled chamber
alantios - waste removal
chorion - gas exchange
yolk sac - transfer of stored nutrients to embryo
shell in some that surrounds entire struture
allowed to reproduce fully on land
ouiparus - egg laying
viraporous - not egg laying |
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Term
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Definition
birds
scales made of keratin
lay eggs
viviparous / ouiparous
viviparous form placenta
ectothermic - body temp regulates by external environments
endothermic - regulate body temp metabolically
turtles
lepidosaurs
squamates |
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Term
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Definition
crocodilians
birds
hollow bones
adaptations for no weight
no urinary bladder
single ovary
no teeth
endothermic
high metabolic requirements
plesiomorphic - flight, penguins lost ability to fly |
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Term
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Definition
mammary glands produce milk
hair
long periods of parental care
endothermic
monotremes - only egglaying mammals, platypus
marsupials - possum, kangaroo, mainly in australia
eutherians - 5000 species of placental mammals, primates (humans) ~ 60 mill years old, anthropoids, hominins, ~ 7 mill years old |
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Term
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Definition
structural complexity
time
space |
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Term
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Definition
greek, oikos - 'house', licps - 'the study of something'
the study of interactions of organisms with each other and the environment
biotic component (living organisms)
abiotic - nonliving component - ex. temp, moisture, pH, climate
scale |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| energy flow and nutrient cycling |
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Definition
closed loop
fixed and finite elements on earth that cycles
energy arrives form the sun, bounces around, absorbed and transformed, mainly lost out to space as heat |
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Term
| bio mass at 1 trophic level is transferred into the next |
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Definition
production efficiency
5-20% depending on kindof organisms involved
less energy is available at higher trophic levels
turnover rate - rate of replacement |
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Term
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Definition
increase in concentration of certain compounds from low to high trophic levels
pcb's
absorved by primary producers
not metabolized
not excreted |
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Term
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Definition
nutrient cycling in ecosystems
atmospheric CO2 is climbing driven by combustion of fossil fuels
annual variations called annual oscillations - concentration of co2 in atmosphere increases in periods that correspond to winter in northern hemisphere, decrease in summer
more carbon fixatio nin northern summer than northern winter
carbon fixation takes inorganic co2 in atmosphere and brings it into biotic realm, more land mass in northern hemisphere then southern
during nothern summer have more plants doing carbon fixation, soaking up co2 in the atmosphere
colonization of land by plants reduced co2
diversification of vascular plants - more reduction of co2 |
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Term
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Definition
warming of earth due to greenhouse gasses such as co2 in the atmosphere
solar energy reaches earth, some reflected, some absorbed, some re-radiated out into atmosphere
gasses absorb some re-radiated energy and re-re-radiate that back to earth
as increase concentration of co2 in atmosphere global warming occurs |
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Term
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Definition
any situation where 2 existing species are using the same limiting resource
competitive exclusion
if 2 species that use the same resource, one will cause the other to decline
ecological 'niche'
sum total of biotic and abiotic factors that determine where and animal can live
fundamental niche - potential for the organism, where it can live in absence of competition
realized niche - where organism acually occurs due to competition
resource partitioning
species that co-occur because of competition will evolve in ways because they have different requirements, long term
character displacement
shorter term, when living in alloparty (separate) largely overlapping range of characteristic, but when two species live together in sympatry, the characteristic separates and causes them to specialize |
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Term
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Definition
animals feeding on other animals
animals feeding on plants (respectively)
pressure on the prey animals to not get eaten, so develop defences
cryptic coloration - allows animals to hide
biochemical defences - P.I.
aposematic coloration - bright colors advertise they are toxis
lead to mimics
batesian mimicry - a harmless species mimics a harmful one
mullerian mimicry - two unpalatable species mimic each other, mutually reinforce eachother |
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