Term
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Definition
| Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia |
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Term
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Definition
| Bryophyta, Pterophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta |
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Term
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Definition
| Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Chordata |
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Term
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Definition
a. Single-Celled, Have cell walls
b. prokaryotic (lacking membrane-bound organelles)
c. some are autotrophic and can make their own food through photosynthesis (ex: blue green algae)
d. others are heterotrophic and must absorb their food. which make them good decomposers (ex. Escherichia coli and lactobaccius acidophilus in our guts) |
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Term
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Definition
Bacillus: Rod
Coccus: Round
Spirillum: Spiral |
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Term
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Definition
a. single-celled
b. are eukaryotic with membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, etc)
c. often aquatic
d. producers, consumers, and decomposers
i. amoebas and paramecium ingest their food and are heterotrophs
ii. euglenas have chloroplasts and are autotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
a. multicellular eukaryotes
b. are all heterotrophs which absorb their food across their hyphae body surface (makes them important decomposers)
c. thread-like hyphae form mats called mycelium (to improve feeding surface area)
d. the visible sporangium release spores through the gill slits above the ground for reproduction and dispersal |
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Term
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Definition
a. multicellular, eukaryotic
b. autotrophic
Phylum Bryophyta
a. usually shorter han most plants and non-vascular
b. includes mosses and lichens |
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Term
| Phylum Pterophyta (Plantae) |
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Definition
a. have vascular tissue and are usually notably taller than bryophytes
b. includes the ferns
c. have relatively large leaves called fronds which house the spore- containing structures on the underside |
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Term
| phylum Coniferophyta (Plantae) |
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Definition
a. their name means "cone bearer? as cones are their reproducive organ
b. Reproduction is accomplished from the seeds which nurture the growing embryonic plant.
c. also have vascular tissue.
d. Common examples are pine, fir, and spruce trees. |
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Term
| Phylum Anthophyta (Plantae) |
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Definition
a. also called angiosperms, these are dnoted by the presence of flowers containing gamete-producing tissues
b. fruit is often formed around an anthophyte's seed to aid in dispersal
c. also have vascular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
a. multicellular eukaryotes
b. heterotrophic feeding through ingestion |
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Term
| Phylum Porifera & Cnidaria (Animalia) |
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Definition
a. unlike most animals, members of Porifera never move at all (ex: sponges) and are filter feeders
b. Cnidarians often use stinging cells to catch their food for ingestion
ac. examples: sponges (Porifera) and coral, jellyfish, anemones (Cnidaria) |
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Term
| Phylum Platyhelminthes (Animalia) |
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Definition
a. worm-like animals that ingest food through a tube-like proboscis
b. includes flatworms, planaria, flukes, and tapeworms
c. some are parasites |
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Term
| Phylum Annelida (Animalia) |
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Definition
a. Annelids are worm-like as well, but they are distinguished by a segmented body and a coelom (internal body cavity which protects the internal organs and allows specialization of the digestive tract)
b. examples are earthworms and leeches |
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Term
| Phylum Mollusca (Animalia) |
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Definition
a. the mollusks also have a coelom, but uniquel have a mantle. This tissue secretes the material needed for the shell found in many mollusks.
b. examples include slugs, snails, mussels, clams, octopi, and squid. |
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Term
| Phylum Arthropoda (Animalia) |
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Definition
a. The arthropods have the greatest number of species in the animal kingdom.
b. their characteristics include:
-a coelom
-segmentation
-jointed appendages
-an exoskeleton
c. some arthropods include spiders, crabs, lobsters, butterflies, beetles, bees, centipedes, and flies |
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Term
| Phylum Echinodermata (Animalia) |
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Definition
a. their phylum name means "spiny skin" and live only in salt water.
b. they all have a five-fold symmetry
c. examples include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars |
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Term
| Phylum Chordata (Animalia) |
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Definition
a. the chordates have the following distinguishing characteristics:
-dorsal nerve cord
-a rod shaped support structure called a notochord
-pharyngeal gill slits
b. note that not all chordates are vertebrates: Amphioxus
c. examples include the folowing classes: fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the spinal cord hich runs the length of vertebrate animals. It is surrounded by the verebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| This is an embryonic structure from the mesoderm that is crucial for the formation of the dorsal nerve cord. It is also used for axial support in lower chordates. |
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Term
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Definition
| These form in the early embryo and develop into gill slits in fish and some other chordates, and as vocal chords in higher chordates (mice, humans, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
1. each branch can only have one arm
2. must be characterized by biologically relevant characteristics (ex. heterotroph vs. autotroph)
3. can't just name the kingdom/pylum
4. must be fully resolved and identify your organism at the end. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
2. single or multi celled?
3. heterotroph or autotroph?
4. if heterotroph, ingest or absorb?
5. Beyond that, use individual phylum characteristics, especially bold words (ex. mantle of no mantle for clam vs. tiger) |
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Term
| Comparing individual and population growth |
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Definition
individuals grow by addition
populations gro by multiplication |
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Term
| How do population sizes grow? |
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Definition
Population sizes often increase exponentially as a function of the size of the population so that the larger the population, the larger the degree of increase
Animals and other organisms cannot live forever, so we must take into consideration the mortality rate of the population |
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Term
| How are population sizes limited? |
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Definition
1. When a population exists under ideal conditions, its maximum rate of increase is called the biotic potential (includes death rates)
2. "Environmental resistance" is an example of a limiting factor that can act to slow down growth and prevent a population from reaching its biotic potential. |
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Term
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Definition
-predators
-competition between different species
-competition between the same species
-food supply
-availability of mates |
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Term
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Definition
-water supply
-environmental conditions
-availability of shelter |
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Term
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Definition
a. once a population's growth starts to level off, it is said to have reached its carrying capacity.
b. the graph's curve goes from a j-shaped to an s-shaped curve.
c. ex: the human population growth curve is currently very much j_shaped as we have multiplied exponentially over the last century |
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Term
Survivorship Curves
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3 |
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Definition
a. when young chance of survival is very high and decreases at high age.
c. when young gradually decreases until high age.
d. when young chance of survival is very low, but survivors live long. |
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Term
| Age Structure of populations |
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Definition
1. Age structure charts show how many of each age class are present in the population.
2. The width of the band determines the relative number of each age class in the population. |
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Term
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Definition
Pre-reproductive: have not yet reached sexual maturity (a large pre-reproductive age class indicates a growing population)
Reproductive: sexually mature individuals
Post-reproductive: no longer reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
Life tables take into consideration: survivorship (l), the percentage of individuals that live to a certain age; and fecundity (b), the average number of female offspring one female has during her time in that age bracket.
Multiplying l x b gives the age class specific contribution to reproduction (lb) for each age group.
To find the net reproductive rae (R), we sum up all the l x b values.
If the population size is stable, the R value is one. If it is growing, it will be greaer than one. If the population is in decline, it will be less than one. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organisms in an environment |
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Term
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Definition
| non-living components of an environment (light, temperature, nutrients, climate) |
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Term
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Definition
| all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community & its physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the trophic structure (the feeding relationships of an ecosystem) |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of living material at a certain trophic level |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy in the form of food is transferred up the trophic levels from its source in plants and other photosynthetic organisms (primary producers) through herbivores (primary consumers) to carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers) and eventually decomposers |
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Term
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Definition
| a niche is described as an ecological role of a species in its environment i.e. how the species "fits into" its environment and how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| when two organisms require the same resource simultaneously, they are said to be in competition with one another. |
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Term
| Competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
states that no two species can share the same niche. They might occur in the same area but they cannot be doing exactly the same thing at the same time if this occurs the competition for resources will eventually lead to the extinction of one species.
However, ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches. |
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Term
| Checks and balances in nature |
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Definition
| the purpose of the predator is to hold the prey population in check. however, having as many predator as there are prey will not check the prey population but lead to its extinction. the extinction of the predator is then imminent. |
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Term
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Definition
the organisms in each trophic level typically pass on between 5% and 10% of their energy to the next level
an average of 90% of the energy entering each step of the food chain is "lost" as heat.
the consumers at the top of a food pyramid, as a group thus have much less energy available to support them than those closer to the bottom. thatss why their numbers are relatively few in most communities. |
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Term
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Definition
Gene frequencies in a population do not change over time, provided certain critical assumptions are met:
1. Large population size- A drastic, sudden decrease in population size would likely change allelic frequencies.
2. Random Mating
3. No mutation of genes- This law assumes that there is no change in DNA due to mutations.
4. No natural selection- natural selection means the "differential" survival of individuals based upon traits. Organisms with desirable traits may be more likely to survive and/or produce offspring.
5. No migration of genes- assumes that different populations of the same species do not interbreed. |
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Term
| What would happen if the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions were violated? |
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Definition
| Well, they usually are not true, and thats the point. allelic frequencies can and do change over time. But often times, these are just fluctuations. some traits could theoretically be eliminated from a population as well. (perhaps if there was a very few number of individuals or the trait was extremely disadvantageous.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the total number of alleles for a specific gene in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of one allele out of all alleles for that particular gene in a population |
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Term
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Definition
p= dominant allele
q= recessive allele
If there are only two alleles, their combined frequencies must obviously equal 100?, so: p+q=1
If p is the probability that an individual will receive one dominant allele, then p^2 is the probability that one individual will receive two of that same allele (and be homozygous dominant, so:
p^2+2pq+q^2=1 |
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Term
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Definition
migration between populations
effects of natural selection on gene frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| effects of population size on gene frequencies |
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Term
| What happens to allelic frequency when there is gene flow (migration)? |
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Definition
| Separate and divergent populations become homogenous. Over time, 2 initially different populations will be quite similar in gene frequencies. |
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Term
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Definition
Some populations can undergo a population bottleneck where their population size is sharply reduced due to some catastrophic event.
If this happens, the remaining remnant of the population will probably not perfectly reflect the genetic makeup f the previous, larger population. |
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Term
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Definition
| random changes in gene frequency dut to sampling error. |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when only a small number of individuals from the original population are there at the founding of a new population
ex. cattle egrets from the Old World were blown off course by storms and landed in Florida in the 1800s. |
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