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| A type of skeleton found primarily in soft-bodied animals that use water pressure inside a body wall. |
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| A type of skeleton characterized as a rigid, hard case that surrounds the body. It is found in crustaceans and insects and composed of chitin; periodically molts. |
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| A type of skeleton that is characterized as rigid and internal; it forms the body's framework and offers surfaces for muscle attachment. |
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| A polysaccharide that composes the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects. This exoskeleton must periodically shed (molt) from the animal. |
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| A dense connective tissue that forms the outer shell of most bones; composed of osteocytes, ostens, calcium and phosphate. |
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| The most commonly found cell in mature bone. They develop in mesenchyme and reside inside spaces called lacunae and canaliculi respectively. |
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| A small space containing osteocytes in bone. |
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| Rough cylindrical structure that are the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone. Also known as Osteon. |
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| A membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones except the joints of long bones. |
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| Bone that has a honey comb structure and typically forms the epiphyses inside a thick shell of compact bone. |
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| The rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bones. |
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| A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and can withstand tension. They are made of collagen. |
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| A layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles, binding some structures together, while permitting others to slide smoothly over each other. |
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| The main structural protein in the various connective tissues in animals. Main component of the organic (protein) part of bone. |
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| Basic rod and tubular like unit of myocyte (muscle cell); they are composed of myofilaments. |
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| Connects the nervous system to the muscular system via synapses via efferent nerve fibers and muscle fibers. |
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| A structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell. |
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| Motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), which diffuses through the synapse and binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber which in turn depolarizes the muscle. |
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| Composed of globular actin proteins. |
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| Composed of myosin which also binds to ATP, which is the source of energy for muscle movement. |
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| Unit that composes myofibrilsl they themselves are composed of long, fibrous proteins that slide past each other when the muscles contract and relax. |
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| Protein that covers the myosin binding sites of the actin molecules in the muscle cell. To allow the muscle cell to contract, it must be moved to uncover the binding sites on the actin by Calcium. |
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Definition
| Move tropomyosin revealing binding sites on actin. |
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| Integrated model of function (IMF) |
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Definition
| Differentiates the role of each bodily system in terms of how they work together in order to accomplish a given physical outcome. |
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Definition
| Joint structure orientation and shape. Contributes to stability and potential mobility. |
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| Muscle and connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, fascia) |
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| Slow twitch muscle fibers |
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Definition
| Also known as type I muscle fibers. They are more often seen in long distance runners because they generate energy by means of a long term system of aerobic energy transfer and are thus more resistant to fatigue. |
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| Fast twitch muscle fibers |
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Definition
| Also known as type II muscle fibers. They are much better at generating short bursts of strength or speed and thus can split ATP much more quickly. |
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| Muscular enlargement owing to an increase in Chondroitin sulfate (CSA). |
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| An increase in the number of cells. |
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| The maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological environment in an organism; involves some sort of feedback system for regulation. |
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| Collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried to a target organ. |
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| A class of regulatory biochemicals that is produced in all multicellular organisms by glands, and transported by the circulatory system to a distant target organ to coordinate its physiology and behavior. |
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| Has an internal concentration of salts higher than the surrounding water. |
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| A homeostatic control mechanism whereby an increase in some substance or activity inhibits the process leading to the increase. |
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| Molecules that are released and act within an organ on nearby cells as local regulators; they do not travel to the blood to reach their target and allow cells of an organ to regulate one another. |
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| Non polar, fat soluble hormones that can cross cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors. Include steroid and thyroid hormones. |
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| Polar, water soluble hormones that cannot pass through cell membranes. |
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| Growth factors specialized to control cell division and differentiation in the immune system. |
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| Growth factors that regulate the nervous system. |
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| Paracrine regulators that are characterized as proteins that promote growth and cell division in specific organs. They play a critical role in regulating mitosis throughout life. |
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| Paracrine regulator that is involved in regulatory functions such as smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, pain and fever. |
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Term
| Posterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
| Fibrous portion of the pituitary gland that stores and releases two neurohormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
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Definition
| Glandular portion of the pituitary gland that produces seven hormones: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). |
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| Hormone found in the posterior pituitary that stimulates water re-absorption by the kidneys. |
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Definition
| Hormone produced by the posterior pituitary that stimulates milk ejection reflex and uterine contractions during child birth. |
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol; they regulate glucose homeostasis and responses to stress. |
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| Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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Definition
| Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the synthesis and dispersion of melanin pigment. |
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| Hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates that growth of muscle, bone (indirectly), and other tissues. Essential for proper metabolic regulation. |
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| Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates that mammary gland to produce milk. It also regulates ion and water transport across epithelia, and activation of parental behaviors. |
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| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine, which in turn regulates development and metabolism by acting on nuclear receptors. |
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Definition
| Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries and is needed for ovulation. In males it stimulates the production of testosterone. |
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| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that is required for the development of ovarian follicles. In males it is required for the development of sperm. Stimulates the conversion of testosterone into estrogen in females. |
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Definition
| Leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. |
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Definition
| Chemicals released into the environment to communicate among individuals of a single species. |
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| Regulation of anterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
| Regulated by hypothalamic neurohormones that release or inhibit hormones |
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| Regulation of posterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
| Feedback from peripheral endocrine glands. |
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Definition
| Condition characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland. Caused by iodine deficiency because iodine is needed to produce thyroxine. Without iodine the thyroid enlarges in an attempt to produce thyroxine but it can't because there is no iodine. |
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| Endocrine gland located at the neck that regulates basal metabolism and development. |
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| Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that in reponse to TSH; regulates metabolic rate. |
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that plays a role in maintaining proper levels of Calcium in the blood. |
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Definition
| Portion of the adrenal gland that release the catecholmaines epinephrine and norepinephrine which cause an alarm response. |
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| Portion of the adrenal glands that secretes steroid hormones which are essential in maintaining glucose homeostasis. |
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Definition
| Pancreatic hormone found in the beta cells that promotes the cellular uptake of glucose and storage of glucose as glycogen. |
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| Pancreatic hormone found in the alpha cells that promotes the hydrolysis of stored glycogen. As a result glucose and fatty acids are released into the blood and used for energy. |
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Definition
| Rising blood glucose concentration stimulates the release of _______ |
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Definition
| Falling blood glucose concentration stimulates the release of ________ |
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Definition
| Portion of the nephron that functions in creating an Na+ concentration gradient. |
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Definition
| Recognizes characteristic pathogen molecules and provides diverse responses to a pathogen in a non-specific manner. |
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Definition
| Creates immunological memory through genetic rearrangements in order to prevent pathogen growth. |
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Definition
| Innate immunity cells that kill microorganisms by ingesting them through phagocytosis. |
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Definition
| Innate immunity leukocytes that are the most abundant in the body. They ingest pathogens through phagocytosis. |
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| Natural killer cells (NK) |
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Definition
| Innate immunity cells that do not attack invading microbes instead they kill cells of the body that have been infected with viruses; apoptosis |
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| Molecule that provokes a specific immune response. |
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Definition
| Lymphocyte that responds to antigens by secreting proteins called antibodies (immunoglobulins) |
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| Lymphocyte that does not secrete antibodies; they regulate the immune responses of other cells or directly attack the cells that carry the antigen. They respond to peptides of foreign antigens displayed on the major histocompatability complex (MHC). |
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Definition
| Recognizes "altered self" cells, particularly those that are virally infected or tumor cells and induces apoptosis. |
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| Majorhistocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| Grinds up invader protein and attaches a fragment then exports it to its cell membrane and binds to T cell receptors (TCR). |
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| Diseases that result from an immune system attack on the body's own tissues; produced by the failure of immunological tolerance. |
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| Medicinal plant that is used to create digoxin a medicine for heart diseases. |
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| A medicinal plant that is used to treat malaria. |
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| Candlebush (Cassia alata) |
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Definition
| Medicinal plant that is used to treat certain skin fungi infections and cancer. |
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| Plant used as dental chew sticks. |
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| Medicinal plant that is used to treat various gynecological problems; increases prolactin. |
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| Medicinal plant that produces diosgenin a precursos for the synthesis of progesterone. |
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| Weight loss supplement that has caused severe adverse effects. |
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| In Macrostomum spp., hypodermic mating seems to lead to |
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Definition
| Prevents the sperm from another male from entering the female |
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Definition
| Mating in platyhelminthes where the stylet has a hooked end; sperm morphology is smaller with no bristles |
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Definition
| A type of mating in Platyhelminthes where the stylet morphology has a rounded end and the sperm is larger with bristles. |
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Definition
| Combines genomes, recombines genes, separates genomes |
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| The state of having both male and female sex organs. |
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Definition
| The state of having distinct male or female sex organs. |
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Definition
| Hermaphroditic land snails fire this into its reproductive partner prior to copulation. It inserts a hormone like substance that allows more sperm to survive from the snail that succeeded, thus, it affects paternity. |
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| Animal that engages in sexual cannibalism. The female chooses whether to copulate or eat the male. |
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| Lower life expectancy and low caloric intake. |
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Definition
| Higher age of menarchy is associated with? |
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Definition
| Hormone that is found in high levels during menarchy. |
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| Complete cleavage; isolecithal |
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| Incomplete cleavage; telolecithal |
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| Flexible rod shaped body found in the embryos of all chordates. It derives from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. |
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| The embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord in chordates. |
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| Causes developmental delays and physiological abnormalities due to apoptosis of neural crest cells during embryo development. |
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| Forms early in the first trimester |
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| Forms the epidermis of the skin, nervous system, and sense organs. |
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Definition
| Forms skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, heart, blood, gonads, kidneys, and dermis of the skin. |
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| Forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, liver, pancreas, thymus, and thyroid. |
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Definition
| Changes behavior due to modification of neural circuits |
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| Term used to denote the geological epoch during which humans are having a massive impact on the earth's environment. |
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