Term
|
Definition
| __ cells have a membranous nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles, such as mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotes have a __ comples cellular structure in comparison to prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is a convenient term that means “eukaryote that isn’t a fungus, animal or plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most eukaryotic lineages are __ |
|
|
Term
unicellular
multi-cellular |
|
Definition
| protists are usually __ or form small __ colonies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protists mostly occur in __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protists have __ and __ reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protists possess specialized __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single-celled protists are considered the __ eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unicellular protists carry out essential biological functions using __ |
|
|
Term
photoautotrophs
heterotrophs
mixotrophs |
|
Definition
Some protists are __ and contain chloroplasts
Some protists are __, absorbing organic molecules or ingesting larger food particles
Some protists are __, combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protist diversity originates in __, the process in which certain unicellular organisms engulf other cells, which become endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photoautotrophs are __ , they have chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cholorplasts are a class of __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plastids are major organelles found in __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ = heterotrophs - food particles: animal-like (ex: protozoa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ = heterotrophs - organic molecules: fungus-like (ex: oomycetes + others) |
|
|
Term
| photosynthetic/heterotrophic |
|
Definition
| __ = mixotrophic - animal/plant like (ex: Euglena) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ can switch to heterotrophy in absence of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the __, small prokaryotes enter host or are engulfed prey or parasites. the host gains a selective advantage. the host an endosymbionts become a single organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One lineage of heterotrophic eukaryotes acquired an additional endosymbiont – a photosynthetic __ – that then evolved into plastids, which eventually gave rise to red algae and green algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitochondrial DNA very similar to DNA of some __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plastids evolved into plastids by __ endosymbiosis and __ endosymbiosis |
|
|
Term
| cyanobacteria engulfed by ancestral heterotroph and gave rise to green algae and red algae |
|
Definition
| the primary endosymbiosis that evolved plastids was what |
|
|
Term
| the red algae and green algae were engulfed by other heterotrophs and became endosymbionts themselves |
|
Definition
| the secondary endosymbiosis that evolved plastids was what |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plastid __ and __ is similar to cyanobacterium |
|
|
Term
cyanobacterium in primary endosymbiosis
algal membrane
food vacuole |
|
Definition
| there are 4 membranes to plastids: 2 from inner/outer cell membranes of __, the 3rd from engulfed __, and the 4th from heterotrophic __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plastids contains a __ nucleus called a nucleomorph (lost to varying degrees in other lineages) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the early branching order in the eukaryotic tree is not yet resolved. there is possibly no single __ which means that there could be multiple origins from different bacterial groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _ – a recently proposed clade that has emerged from morphological studies of the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| “excavated” feeding groove |
|
Definition
| Some members of Excavata have an __ on one side of the cell body |
|
|
Term
diplomonads
parabasalids
euglenozoans
(each group is monophyletic) |
|
Definition
| The excavates include the __, the __, and the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protists in the diplomonads and parabasalids lack __ and have modified __ |
|
|
Term
| DNA, electron transport chains, or citric acid cycle enzymes |
|
Definition
| the diplomonadida and parabasala mitochondia do not have what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protists in the diplomonads and parabasalids are found in __ environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ = a protist that has modified mitochondira, two equal sized nuclei, and multiple flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diplomonad that inhabits the intestines of mammals. it can infect people when they drink water contaminated with feces containing the cysts of the parasite. drinking such water can cause severe diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ the water kills the parasite giardia intestinalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lifecycle: trophozoites - __ = (not resistant outside the host). __ = (resistant outside the host |
|
|
Term
Giardia intestinalis
Excavates --> Diplomonads --> Giardia intestinalis |
|
Definition
| Most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chlorine __ spores. Iodine __ spores |
|
|
Term
euglenozoans
Excavata --> euglenozoans |
|
Definition
| __ = member of diverse clade of flagellated protists that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Euglenozoans mode of locomotion is __ |
|
|
Term
trypanosoma
--> Excavata --> Euglenozoans --> Kinetoplastids --> trypanosoma |
|
Definition
| __ causes sleeping sickness via tsetse flies |
|
|
Term
euglena
Excavata --> euglenozoans --> euglenids --> euglena |
|
Definition
| __ = mixotrophs that in sunlight are autotrophic, but when sunlight is unavailable, they can become heterotrophic, absorbing organic nutrients from their environment. they are found in pond water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _ – has a pocket at one of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge. it also lacks cell walls |
|
|
Term
eyepot
light detector
pellicle |
|
Definition
| a euglenid has an __ which is a pigmented organelle that functions as a light shield, allowing light from only a certain direction to strike the light detector. it has a __ which is swelling near the base of the long flagellum; detects light that is not blocked by the eyespot; as a result euglena moves toward light of appropriate intensity, an important adaptation that enhances photosynthesis. it also have a __ which are protein bands beneath the plasma membrane that provide extra strength and flexibility |
|
|
Term
| Chromalveolata (the Chromalveolates) |
|
Definition
| __ – a large, extremely diverse clade of protists that has recently been proposed based on two lines of evidence: 1) some (though not all) DNA sequence data suggest that the chromalveolates form a monophyletic group. 2) some data support the hypothesis that the chromalveolates originated more than a billion years ago, when a common ancestor of the group engulfed a single-celled, photosynthetic red alga |
|
|
Term
Alveolates
Chromalveolata --> Alveolates |
|
Definition
| __ have alveoli (small membrane-bound sac) under plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function of alveoli = __; hypothesized that they may help stabilize the cell surface or regulate the cell’s water and ion content |
|
|
Term
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates |
|
Definition
| The alveolates include 3 subgroups: a group of flagellates (the __), a group of parasites (the __), and a group of protists that move using cilia (the __) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ – characterized by cells that are reinforced by cellulose plates (cellulose armor plating) and have two flagella located in perpendicular grooves that make them spin as they move through the water |
|
|
Term
unicellular
phytoplankton community |
|
Definition
| Dinoflagellates are usually __. they are abudant components of the marine and freshwater __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dinoflagellates __ – episodes of explosive population growth – sometimes cause a phenomenon called “red tide” in coastal waters. they appear brownish red or pink because of the presence of carotenoids, the most common pigments in dinoflagellate plastids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some dinoflagellates are also bioluminescent because of the enzyme __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nearly all __ are parasites of animals (some cause serious disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is caused by an apicomplexan protist |
|
|
Term
sexual
asexual
two or more
diploid
haploid |
|
Definition
| apicomplexan protists are parasitic, they have intricate life cycles with both __ and __ stages. Their life cycles often require __ host species for completion. they also have __ and __ stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The apicomplexan parasites spread through their host as tiny infectious cells called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __: invade liver of host, multiply, and metamorphose to merozoite stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __: invade RBCs, multiply. Emerge in waves to : 1. infect new RBCs. 2. produce eggs and sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the life cycle of Plasmodium, the apicomplexan that causes malaria, the eggs and sperm are taken in by the mosquito. fertilization occurs __ the moquito and it produces a __ zygote. the zygote undergoes __ to produce the haploid sporozoites. mosquito bites a new host and the cycle is completed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 500 million clinical cases & 2-3 million deaths per year mostly in __, when they get malaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and feed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distinctive feature of __ = presence of two types of nuclei: tiny micronuclei and large macronuclei. A cell has one or more nuclei of each type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ciliates __ controls everyday function, asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ciliates __ are Required for sexual repro |
|
|
Term
Stramenopiles
Chromalveolata --> Stramenopiles |
|
Definition
| __ are a group of marine algae that include some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on the planet, as well as several clades of heterotrophs. they have characteristic flagellum, which has numerous fine, hairlike, projections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ – protists that have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stramenopiles have characteristic __, which has numerous fine, hairlike, projections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ – unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica (silicon dioxide) embedded in an organic matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diatoms wall consists of __ parts that overlap and provide effective protection from predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Much of the diatoms strength comes from the delicate lacework of holes and grooves in their __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most of the year, diatoms reproduce __ by __; each daughter cell receives half of the parental cell wall and generates a new half that fits inside it. Some species form __ as resistant stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual reproduction occurs but __ common in diatoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diatoms are a highly diverse group of protists. They are a major component of __ both in the ocean and in lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diatoms store energy in the form of a glucose polymer called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Massive accumulations of fossilized diatom walls are major constituents of the sediments known as __, which is mined for as its quality as a filtering medium for many other users |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When diatoms build their shells, they perform intricate, 3-D self-assembly of __ components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diatoms help the field of __ – the fashioning of microscopic devices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characteristic color of golden algae is from their __ and __ carotenoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells of golden algae are typically __, with both flagella attached near one end of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many golden algae are components of freshwater and marine __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All golden algae are __, some species are mixotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mixotrophic golden algae can absorb dissolved organic compounds or ingest food particles by __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most golden algae species are __, but some are colonial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If environmental conditions deteriorate, many golden algae species form protective __ that can survive for decades |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The largest and most complex algae are __ algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brown algae are all __, and most are marine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brown algae are common along __ coasts, where the water is cool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brown algae’s color comes from their __ in their plastids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many of the species commonly called __ are brown algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ – an algal body that is plantlike, but it lacks true roots, stems, and leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brown algae seaweeds have unique adaptations, their cell walls are composed of __ and __ polysaccharides that help cushion the thalli from waves and reduce drying when the algae are exposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brown algae are important commodities for __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ include water molds, the white rusts, and the downy mildews |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oomycetes were previously classified as __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many oomycetes have multinucleate filaments (__) that resemble fungal hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oomycetes typically have cell walls made of __, the walls of fungi consists mainly of another polysaccharide, __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In both __ and __, the high surface-to-volume ratio of filamentous structures enhances the uptake of nutrients from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Although oomycetes descended from plastid-bearing ancestors, they no longer have plastids and __ perform photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oomycetes typically acquire nutrients as __ or __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most __ are decomposers that grow as cottony masses on dead algae and animals, mainly in freshwater habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White rusts and downy mildews generally live on land as __ |
|
|
Term
| Irish potato famine of the 19th century |
|
Definition
| oomycete phytophthora contributed to the devastating __ |
|
|
Term
| foraminiferans, or forams |
|
Definition
| Protists called __, are named for their porous shells, called tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foram tests consist of a single piece of organic material hardened with __. Pseudopodia extend through the pores and function in swimming, test formation, and feeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forams also derive nourishment from the photosynthesis of __ that live within the tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forams are found in both the __ and __ water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _ of all identified species of forams are known from fossils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fossilized tests of forams are part of marine sediments, including sedimentary rocks that are now __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protists called __ have delicate intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are generally made of silica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radiolarians are mostly __ protists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The __ of radiolarians radiate from the central body and are reinforced by bundles of microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The microtubules of radiolarians are covered by a thin layer of cytoplasm, which engulfs smaller microorganisms that become attached to the pseudopodia. __ then carries the captured prey into the main part of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After radiolarians die their skeletons settle to the seafloor, where they have accumulated as an __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many of the species of red algae are reddish, owing to a photosynthetic accessory pigment called __, which masks the green of chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red algae species adapted to more shallow water have less phycoerythrin and therefore may be a __ color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red algal species may be bright red at moderate depths and almost black in __ water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some red algal species lack pigmentation altogether and function ___ as parasites on other red algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ algae are the most abundant large algae in the warm coastal waters of tropical oceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thalli of many red algae are __, often branched and interwoven in lacy patterns. The base of the thallus is usually differentiated as a simple holdfast |
|
|
Term
| alternation of generations |
|
Definition
| Red algae have especially diverse life cycles, and __ is common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unlike other algae, red algae have no __ in their life cycle and depend on water currents to bring gametes together for fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green algae and __ are closely related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green algae are a __ group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green algae are divided into two main groups, __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most chlorophytes live in __, but there are also many marine and some terrestrial species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The simplest chlorophytes are __ organisms. Various unicellular chlorophytes exist as plankton or inhabit damp soil. Some live symbiotically within other eukaryotes, contributing some of their photosynthetic output to the food supply of their hosts |
|
|
Term
| 1. The formation of colonies of individual cells, as seen in Volvox and in filamentous forms that contribute to the stringy masses known as pond scum, 2.The formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation, as seen in the seaweed Ulva, 3. The repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division, as seen in the multinucleate filaments of Caulerpa |
|
Definition
| Larger size and greater complexity evolved in chlorophytes by what three different mechanisms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most chlorophytes have complex life cycles, with both __ and __reproductive stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nearly all chlorophytes reproduce sexually by means of __ that have cup-shaped chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternation of generations has evolved in the life cycles of chlorophytes, including Ulva, in which the alternate generations are __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the other main group of green algae, the charophytes, are the algae most closely related to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brown algae is used as __: thickening and emulsifying agents in food and cosmetics industry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foramenifera are important source of _ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red algae can photosynthesize at __ depths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ - closely related to fungi & animals, they include amebozoans |
|
|
Term
| alternation of generations |
|
Definition
| the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms; applies only to life cycles in which both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular |
|
|
Term
| alternation of generations |
|
Definition
1. The sporophytes are usually found in water just below the line of the lowest tides, attached to rocks by branching holdfasts
2. Cells on the surface of the blade develop into sporangia
3. Sporangia produce zoospores by meiosis
4. The zoospores are all structurally alike, but about half of them develop into male gametophytes and half into female gametophytes. The gametophytes are short, branched filaments that grown on subtidal rocks
5. Male gametophytes release sperm, and female gametophytes produce eggs, which remain attached to the female gametophyte. Eggs secrete a chemical signal that attracts sperm of the same species, thereby increasing the probability of fertilization in the ocean
6. Sperm fertilize the eggs
7. The zygotes grow into new sporophytes while attached to the remains of the female gametophyte |
|
|
Term
organic material
recycle nutrients |
|
Definition
| fungi break down __ and __, allowing other organisms to assimilate essential chemical elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the kingdom __ is the neglected kingdom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ have an enormous biomass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Honey fungus. Single organism: giant subterranean network of hyphae. Very large and old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi have enormous species diversity with __ species described and have an estimated __ species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi have no chlorophyll, no fixing of carbon from C02 so they are therefore __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in fungi, Enzymes digest food outside body (__ heterotroph) |
|
|
Term
| Decomposers (saprobes), Parasites, Mutualistists |
|
Definition
| the Lifestyles of fungi are what? |
|
|
Term
| unicellular and multicellular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an examples of single celled fungi is __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ reproduction in yeasts occurs by ordinary cell division or by the pinching of small “bud cells” off a parent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ – filamentous cell: absorb nutrients. non-motile – form fast-growing mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungal cell walls are strengthened by __ - strong, flexible, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mycelium’s structure __ its surface area-to-volume ratio, making feeding more efficient. Fungal mycelium grows rapidly, as proteins and other materials synthesized by the fungus are channeled through cytoplasmic streaming to the tips of the extending hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In most fungi, the hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls, or __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Septa have pores that allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| •Some fungi lack septa and are known as __ fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coenocytic fungi consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundreds or thousands of __, it results from repeated division of nuclei without __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some fungal species have specialized hyphae called __, which the fungi use to extract nutrients from – or exchange nutrients with – their hosts |
|
|
Term
mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizal fungi |
|
Definition
Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi with haustoria and plant roots are called __
__ = fungi that form mycorrhizae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ fungi extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invaginations (pushing inward) of the root cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Almost all __ have mycorrhizae and rely on their fungal partners for essential nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungi are __ , they do not ingest (eat) their food, they absorb nutrients from the environment __ of its body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungi absorb nutrients by secreting hydrolytic enzymes called __ into their surroundings. These enzymes break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi absorb into their bodies and use |
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasm, Mitochondria Ribosomes even nuclei |
|
Definition
| Pores in septa allow flow of what? __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ fungi break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some parasitic fungi are pathogenic, they are responsible for __ of plant diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ fungi absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they reciprocate with actions that benefit the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common fungal body structures are multicellular __ and single cells (yeasts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclei of fungal hyphae and spores of most fungal species are __, although many fungi have transient __stages that form during sexual life cycles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual reproduction begins when hyphae from two mycelia release sexual signaling molecules called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungi: Mushrooms & Mycelia: primarily __, with only brief diploid phases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ – mycelium with different nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia is called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ – mycelium with two nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During __ the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents, fuse, producing diploid cells. zygotes and other transient structures for during this stage or reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Karyogamy is the only __ stage in most fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ then restores the haploid condition, leading to the formation of spores that enable fungi to disperse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many fungi reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce __ by mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many fungi species that produce spores asexually can also reproduce __ if they happen to contact a member of their species of a different mating type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __: Calvatia gigantea Up to 1.5 m diameter, 20 kg. up to 5 trillion spores |
|
|
Term
| Generalized fungal reproduction |
|
Definition
__:
formation of heterokaryotic stage |
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Term
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Definition
__: in plasmogamy a
form of crossing-over |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterokaryotic stage = __ |
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Term
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Definition
Unfused nuclei from different
__ |
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Term
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Definition
__ can occur from hours to
days or even decades to centuries
later.. |
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Term
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Definition
| __ – haploid nuclei in heterokaryotic mycelium FUSE to form diploid mycelium |
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Term
| summary morphology in fungi |
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Definition
| Aerial spores, aerial fruiting bodies, mycelia in substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Kingdom Fungi and _ are more closely related to each other than either is to plants or most other eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi evolved from a __ancestor even though The majority of fungi lack __ |
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Term
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Definition
| The fungi, the animals, and their protistan relatives form a clade and members of this clade are called __ |
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Term
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Definition
| The ancestor of fungi was __ because fungi are more closely related to several groups of single-celled protists |
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Term
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Definition
| Multicellularity in fungi & animals evolved __ |
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Term
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Definition
| First known fossil fungi __ |
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Term
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Definition
Fungi was closely related to __
– group of single celled protists that consists of amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals and fungi diverged into separate lineages about __ |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungal diversity may have originated when multicellular plants and animals __ |
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Term
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Definition
| Earliest land plant fossils approx. 450 Mya have mycorrhizae. __ facilitated land invasion |
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Term
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Definition
| __ of plants have mycorrhizae |
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Term
| chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes |
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Definition
| Most mycologists recognize five phyla of fungi, __ |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi are well adapted as decomposers of organic material,they are primarily responsible for keeping ecosystems stocked with the __ essential for plant growth |
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Term
| plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals |
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Definition
| Fungi may form mutualistic relationships with __ |
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Term
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Definition
| All plant species studied to date appear to harbor symbiotic __ = fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm |
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Term
digestive
proteins and carbohydrates
digest |
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Definition
Some fungi share their __ services with animals, helping break down plant material in the guts of cattle and other grazing animals
As fungi grow, their hyphae develop specialized swollen tips that are rich in __
Fungi can also break down things into substances the insects can __ |
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Term
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Definition
| __ = symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungus gives a __ its overall shape and structure and Algae or cyanobacteria occupy an inner layer below the __ |
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Term
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Definition
| In most lichens, each partner provides something the other __ obtain on its own |
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Term
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Definition
__ provide carbon compounds
__ fix nitrogen and provide organic nitrogen
__ provide their photosynthetic partners with a suitable environment for growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi of many lichens reproduce __ by forming ascocarps or basidiocarps |
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Term
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Definition
| Lichen algae reproduce independently of the fungus by __ cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction as a symbiotic unit also occurs commonly, either by fragmentation of the parental lichen or by the formation of __, small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae |
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Term
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Definition
| __ – hyphae specialized to penetrate host tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| __ = general term for fungal infection that parasitize animals |
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Term
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Definition
| 1000 species; the globular fruiting body forms multicellular, branched hyphae. But some are single-celled; thought to be one of the earliest fungal groups to diverge from other fungi; are ubiquitous in lakes and soil; have cell walls made of chitin; paraphyletic group |
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Term
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Definition
| 1000 species; hyphae grow rapidly into foods such as fruits and bread; |
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Term
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Definition
| 160 species; are of great ecological importance because many plants form mycorrhizal associations with these fungi; Formerly thought to be zygomycetes; monophyletic group; 90% of all plant species have mutualistic partnerships with this fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| 65,000 species; also called sac fungi; common to marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats; bear their sexual stages in fruiting bodies or ascocarps ; conidia are produced externally at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores; |
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Term
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Definition
| 30,000 species; important as decomposers and ectomycorrhizal fungi; also called club fungi; have long-lived, Dikaryotic mycelium; mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi ; includes mutualists that form mycorrhizae and two groups of destructive plant parasites: rusts and smuts; important decomposers of wood and other plant materials; best at decomposing the complex polymer lignin |
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Term
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Definition
| LIFE ON LAND: __ ago: Land began to host thin coatings of Cyanobacteria |
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