Term
| What are bone cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the matrix of a bone made up of? |
|
Definition
Calcium phosphate salts
Collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of calcium phosphate salts? |
|
Definition
| Gives bones density, strength and hardness |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of collagen fibers in bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where you do you find compact bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find spongy bone? What is another name for it? |
|
Definition
The interior of bones, and end of long bones
Cancellous |
|
|
Term
| Where is yellow bone marrow found? |
|
Definition
Within shafts of long bones
(composed primarily of fat) |
|
|
Term
| Where is red bone marrow found and what is its function? |
|
Definition
in flat bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, hipbones
Produces blood cells
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|
|
Term
| When do the bones in the body stop growing? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What composes the Axial skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum |
|
|
Term
| What is the appendicular skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Everything besides the axial skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immoveable or slightly moveable joints
Example: suture joints of skull |
|
|
Term
| Define cartilaginous joints; give an example of one |
|
Definition
Slightly moveable
Rigid but provide cushion
Ex: between vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Define Synovial joints; give an example |
|
Definition
Freely moveable joints
ex: Elbows and Knees |
|
|
Term
| Define synovial fluid; what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Lubricates and absorbs shock from synovial joints |
|
|
Term
| What determines range of motion? |
|
Definition
| Depends on strength of tendons and ligaments, size of muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hold articulating bones together
(made of connective tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone |
|
|
Term
| What are synergistic muscles? Give an example |
|
Definition
"fine tune" a complex movement
ex: flexing/rotating one's arm |
|
|
Term
| What are antagonistic muscles? |
|
Definition
| Act in opposition to one another & act as brakes on each other's actions |
|
|
Term
| What are muscle cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are muscle fibers composed of? |
|
Definition
Myosin (thick filaments)
Actin (thin filaments) |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles are striated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the body are smooth muscles found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the contraction of smooth muscle called? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| Peristalisis--moves food/liquids along |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bending motion;
Decreases angle of the joint |
|
|
Term
| What is muscle extension? |
|
Definition
| Increasing the angle of the joint |
|
|
Term
| What is muscle abduction? |
|
Definition
| Moving a limb or digits away from the midline or longitudinal axis of the body |
|
|
Term
| What is muscle rotation? Give an example |
|
Definition
Moving a body part around its own axis
(turning head sideways) |
|
|
Term
| What is muscle circumduction? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when the movement of an arm or a leg traces an imaginary cone, with the hand or foot moving in a circular motion |
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|
Term
| What are isotonic muscle contractions? |
|
Definition
Shortens a muscle while the muscle retention remains the same
Ex: lifting an object in your hand using your biceps muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are Isometric muscle contractions? |
|
Definition
Increase the amount of muscle tension but do not shorten a muscle length
Ex: Sitting your back against a wall and have legs bent at 90-degree angle |
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|
Term
| What causes anaerobic respiration in the muscle? |
|
Definition
| When the muscle cannot produce enough ATP through aerobic respiration (using O2) |
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|
Term
| What causes the buildup of lactic acid? What does this do to the muscle? |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic respiration; creates sensation of fatigue |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| Breaks down larger molecules so that smaller molecules can be absorbed for use by cells |
|
|
Term
| What is chemical digestion? |
|
Definition
| Involves the use of enzymes to catabolize food molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are carbohydrates broken down into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are proteins broken down into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are lipids broken down into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the negative control? |
|
Definition
| Goes through all of the steps of the experiment but does not receive the experimental variable |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme digests starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme digests lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme digests proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is food called that is ready for swallowing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the cardiac sphincter and where is it located? |
|
Definition
Top of the stomach
Allows food to enter stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of the cardiac sphincter, which allows reverse movement of stomach acid |
|
|
Term
| Where is chyme produced and what is it? |
|
Definition
Stomach
Released into small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Where does majority of digestion and absorption of food occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does starch digestion begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does digestion of protein begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is starch and protein digestion completed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does digestion of lipids occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks down large lipid droplets into smaller lipid droplets; makes digestion easier |
|
|
Term
Where is bile produced?
Where is it stored?
What is its purpose?
|
|
Definition
Produced: liver
Stored: gallbladder
Emulsifies lipids |
|
|
Term
| Where does most of digestion occur in small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the majority of absorption of digested foods occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| Absorption of water; creates solid waste |
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|
Term
| What is the enzyme that catalyzes the digestion of starch? What does it create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reaction formula for Starch? |
|
Definition
| Starch + H20 --(amylase)-->maltose |
|
|
Term
| What test detects the presence of starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During an iodine test, what color is it if there is NO starch present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During an iodine test, what color is it if there IS starch present? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
If starch is digested by amylase, what is produced?
How can this be detected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the Benedict's reagent test remains blue, are there sugars present? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If the Benedict's reagent test is yellow, orange or red, are there sugars present? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzymes digests proteins? What does it create as a result? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required to be present for Pepsin to digest proteins? |
|
Definition
| Acid / acidic enviornment |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical formula for the breakdown of Proteins? |
|
Definition
| Protein + H20 --(pepsin & acid)--> amino acids |
|
|
Term
| How can protein digestion be tested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is the Biuret reagent color in the absense of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is the Biuret reagent color in the presence of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If protein is digested by the pepsin, what color is the Biuret reagent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein is present in eggs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must take place before lipids can be digested? |
|
Definition
| Must be emulsified by Bile |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical formula for lipid digestion? |
|
Definition
Lipids + H20 --(bile)--> fat droplets
Fat droplets --(lipase)--> fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Term
| How do we monitor the action of lipase? |
|
Definition
Testing pHf;
if test tube's contents become more acidic, lipids have been digested |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Provides constant supply of oxygen to cells and rids cells of waste products (CO2) |
|
|
Term
| What composes the majority of our lung tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory function of Breathing? |
|
Definition
| Inspiration (in) and expiration (out) |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory function of External Respiration? |
|
Definition
| Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood in capillaries in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory function of Internal Respiration? |
|
Definition
| Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in our body's capillaries and the tissue fluid that bathes each cell in the body |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory function of Oxygen utilization? |
|
Definition
creates ATP for use by the cells and carbon dioxide as a waste product
(by the body's cells in cell respiration) |
|
|
Term
| What do pressure changes do to your lungs? |
|
Definition
| Aids inspiration and expiration |
|
|
Term
| What regulates the rate of respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces carbonic acid? |
|
Definition
| When carbon dioxide is dissolved in the water of our blood plasma |
|
|
Term
| What does an increase of the amount of hydrogen do to the blood? |
|
Definition
| Decreases the pH of our blood |
|
|
Term
| What is our body's response to decreased blood pH |
|
Definition
| Increase heart rate and respiratory rate to get rid of carbon dioxide faster |
|
|
Term
| When we exercise, what happens to our blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is phenolphthalein under basic conditions? |
|
Definition
| What color is phenolphthalein under basic conditions? |
|
|
Term
| What color is phenolphthalein under neutral or acidic conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What changes the color of a phenolphthalien solution? |
|
Definition
| The amount of carbon dioxide present at rest vs. during exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is inspiratory reserve volume? |
|
Definition
| The max. volume of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing |
|
|
Term
| What is expiratory reserve volume? |
|
Definition
| Max. volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing |
|
|
Term
| What measures pulmonary function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after max. expiration |
|
|
Term
True or False:
We can completely empty our lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is total lung capacity? |
|
Definition
| Total amount of gas in lungs after a max inspiration (cannot be measured by spirometer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The max. amount of gas that can be expired after a max inspiration |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
Transporting oxygen, digested nutrients and hormones to all cells of the body
Carrying waste products away from cells
regulates body temperature
Provides protection (clots and immunity) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of muscle composes the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What carries blood away from the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What carries blood to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connect arterioles and venules; touch every cell in our body;
Transfers CO2, nutrients and wastes |
|
|
Term
| What does a sphygmomanometer measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces the heart's "lub-dub" sound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the heart is thickest? Why? |
|
Definition
| Left Ventricle--to produce blood pressure high enough to pump blood to capillaries and venules |
|
|
Term
| What is systolic blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| The pressure in our arteries when the ventricles are contracting |
|
|
Term
| What is diastolic blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Pressure in our arteries when the ventricles are relaxed |
|
|
Term
What is "normal" blood pressure?
What is the top number? |
|
Definition
120/80
Systolic over diastolic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toward the end attached to the trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toward the hind or tail end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toward the end that is not attached to the trunk |
|
|
Term
| What is the visceral peritoneum? |
|
Definition
| Membrane that protects the abdonimal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the parietal peritoneum |
|
Definition
| A membrane that protects the actual organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the pericardial sac? |
|
Definition
| membrane that surrounds the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium? |
|
Definition
| Reduce friction between the heart and structures that surround the heart as it beats |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the coronary arteries and coronary veins? |
|
Definition
| Serve the heart muscle itself |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus? |
|
Definition
| connects the pulmonary artery & aortic arch; allows for most of the blood to bypass the lungs and pass from pulmonary artery into the aorta |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the umbilical vein? |
|
Definition
| Feeds fetal pig oxygen and nutrients from its mother |
|
|
Term
| Why is the hepatic portal vein so important? |
|
Definition
Drains capillary beds of the intestines and carries blood to capillaries in the liver
Gives liver cells oppurtunity to remove nutrients it needs for metabolism and remove toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Walls are so thick; dyes cannot be seen |
|
|
Term
| What arteries carry blood to the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 ways that the reproductive system of a female pig is different from the human female? |
|
Definition
The urethra and vagina are separate in human femals
Pigs have a Y shaped uterus for more babies |
|
|
Term
| What structures compose the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
Testicular artery & testicular vein
vas deferends
nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is function of seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we produce more CO2 after exercise? |
|
Definition
| When we exercise, blood becomes for acidic. We remove more CO2 from blood to keep it from getting too acidic once we stop |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 bones of the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name bones of vertebral column: |
|
Definition
Cervical (neck)
Thoracic (chest)
Lumbar (back)
Sacrum
Coccyx |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest bone in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is compact bone usually located long bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When bones are baked, what happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When bones are dissolved in acid, what is left? |
|
Definition
| Acid dissovles phosphate salts, and only leaves flexible collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| Why are bones of the fetal skull not fused together? |
|
Definition
| To allow flexibility for the birthing process |
|
|
Term
| What types of organic moleucules are actin and myosin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things are required for muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When iodine solution turns blue-black, what substance is present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the iodine solution stays golden-brown, what has occurred? |
|
Definition
| There is no starch present |
|
|
Term
| How do we know if digestion of lipids occurred? |
|
Definition
| Test tube's contents become more acidic when fatty acids are produced after bile emulsifies the lipids |
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|
