Term
| What are the first two branches of the animals kingdom? |
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Definition
Do not Possess Tissues (parazoa)- no tissues or organs, composed of sponges
Posses tissues (Eumetazoa)- tissues organized into organ and organ systems.
Radial symmetry (Radiata)- symmetry like a circle, ex: sea aneome and jellyfish
bilateral symmetry (bilateria) |
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Term
| What are the three embryonic cell layers and their function? |
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Definition
Ectoderm- outer covering of body and nervous system
Endoderm (inner layer)- digestive organs and intestines
Mesoderm (middle layer)- skeleton & Muscles |
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Term
| what is the 3rd branch of the kingdom animalia and describe the 3 types. |
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Definition
body cavity
acoelomate have no body cavities
Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity called the pseudocoel between mesoderm and endoderm.
coeleomate have a fluid cavity in the mesoderm. |
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Term
| Give an example of a Acoelomate, a pseudocoelomate and a coelomate. |
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Definition
Acoelomate- (phylum platyhelminthes) flatworms planaria, tapeworms, liver flukes
Pseudocoelomate (Nematoda)- roundworms, ascaris, pinworms, hookworms, filaria
coelmates- earthworms, leeches and all other animals |
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Term
| What are the differences between the deuterostomes and protostomes. |
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Definition
deuterostomes- radial cleavage, indeterminate fate, blastopore becomes anus
Protostomes- Spiral cleavage, determinate fate, blastopore becomes mouth |
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Term
| What are Porifera? Describe some basic characteristics. |
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Definition
| Sponges with no symmetry and no tissues and organs. Have Chanocytes,flagellated cells lining inside of sponge. |
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Term
| List examples from the 4 classes in the phylum Cnidaria. |
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Definition
Class Hydrozoa-hydras
Class Scyphozoa- jellyfish
Class Cubozoa- box jellyfish
CLass Anthozoa- sea anemone and corals |
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Term
| True or false: platyhelminthes absorb food directly through body walls. |
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Definition
true
note: platyhlminthes are also hermaphrodites |
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Term
| Which is the only free-living(nonparasitic) class in the phylum platyhelminthes? |
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Definition
| class turbellaria- ex:dugesia(genus)-planaria, used in many bio lab |
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Term
| What is class trematoda and what does it do? |
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Definition
| (Phylum platyhelminthes) trematoda are flukes. humans liver flukes are gotten by eating raw fish, can cause cirrhosis and death. |
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Term
| What are Class Cestoda(genus taenia) and describe general characteristics. |
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Definition
| (Phylum platyhelminthes) Tapeworms that hang on the inner wall of the intestines by means of scolex. Each segment has reproductive parts that break off into the feces of the animal. |
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Term
| Why are ribbons worms (Phylum Nemertea) important? |
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Definition
| The are the simplest animal with a complete digestive system. |
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Term
| Describe some chacteristics of the Phylum Nematoda. |
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Definition
| Round worms that that contain no flagella or cilia. Pseudocoelomate (contain body cavity called a pseudocoel) |
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Term
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Definition
| (phylum nematoda) causes the disease trichinosis. Lives in the small intestine of pork and can cause diseases if eaten on uncooked pork. |
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Term
| What is so important about Caenorhabditis elegans (phylum Nematoda)? |
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Definition
| Matures in 3 days, only animal where the complete genome sequence is known. Used in gentic and developmental studies. |
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Term
| Describe the phylum Rotifera. |
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Definition
miscropscopic with a crown of cilia that sweeps in food and is used for locomotion.
contains 3 cell layers |
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Term
| The phlyum mollusca is a ________(body cavity) with _______symmetry. They have a ______chambered heart and a ______ circulatory system. |
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Definition
Coelomate (the first coelomates)
bilateral symmetry
3 chambered heart
open circulatory system- no distinction between blood and extracellular liquids. |
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Term
What distinct body part sections make up a mollusk besides the visceral mass?
what makes up the visceral mass? |
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Definition
head, foot, visceral mass
visceral mass- respiratory, digestive, and excretory organs. |
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Term
| In the phylum mollusca, the snails and slugs belong to class _______, and the clams, scallops, mussels and oysters belong to class _________. |
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Definition
Class Gastropoda- snails, slugs
class Bivalvia- clams, oysters, etc.
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Term
| True or false, all mollusks have gills and radula. |
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Definition
False, while most mollusks have gills, some have a mantle cavity that acts as a lung.
Radula(rasping tounglike organ for feeding) are found in all mollusks except the class bivalva. |
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Term
| The chitons (class polyplacophora) and the octopuses, squids and nautiluses (class cephalopoda) belong to which phylum? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three important features of the Phylum Annelida. |
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Definition
1.Repeated Segments
2.Specialized Segments (head has special sensory organs)
3.Connections- closed circulatory system
note: annelids are the first segmented animals. |
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Term
| Name the 3 major classes of the Phylum annelida and give an example of each. |
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Definition
Phylum Annelida-
class Polychaeta: the polychaetes, includes clamworms, bristleworms
class Oligochaeta earthworms
class hirudinea the leeches- use a protein that acts as anticoagulant. |
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Term
| Describe movement in annelids. |
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Definition
Movement- each segment has a coelom.
Muscles squeeze the fluid of the coelom, making each segment rigid. |
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Term
| What are the two types of digestive systems and who uses them? |
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Definition
Intracellular-single celled organisms and sponges.
extracellular- other animals digest through a body cavity. |
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Term
| In the digestive process, how does the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas help? |
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Definition
The liver produces bile (digestion of fat)
the gall bladder stores bile
pancreas gives off pancreatic juice and controls glucose levels in blood. Also releases digestive enzymes |
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Term
| Swallowing initiates Peristalis, what is it? |
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Definition
| Peristalis is the rhythmic waves of muscular contraction that pulls food down into the stomach. Allows swallowing of food even upside down. |
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Term
| What gets digested in the stomach, and how? |
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Definition
| Proteins are only digested in human stomachs. Gastric acid secreted by gastric glands and HCL from parietal glands denature the proteins so that enzymes can break them down. Mixture of digested food and gastric juice is called chyme. |
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Term
| What are the 4 characteristic features of the chordate phylum? |
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Definition
1)single, hollow, dorsal nerve cord(differentiates into brain and spinal cord in vertebrates)
2)notochord below nerve cord (replaced by vertabrae column in vertebraes)
3)Pharyngeal slits
4)postanal tail |
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Term
| True or false, the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column during embryonic development. |
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Definition
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Term
| List some traits all animals have in the subphylum vertebrata. |
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Definition
Vertebral column
Head- brain inside skull
neural crest- bunch of embryonic cells resonsible for developing much of the vertebrate structure
Internal organs-liver, kidney and heart
endoskeleton- cartilage and bone, made of collagen |
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Term
| The neural tube in vertebrates is protected by the_______. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: 2/3 of all vertebrates are fish. |
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Definition
| false, 1/2 of all vertebrates are fish and they are the most successful and diverse vertabrates. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of fish? |
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Definition
1)internal skeleton- bony spine around dorsal nerve cord
2)jaws and paired appendages
3)gills
4)single loop circulation-blood from heart to gills, then to the rest of the body.
note: fish also have nutritional deficines |
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Term
| What class do sharks, skates and rays reside in and what are some common characteristics. |
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Definition
| Class Chondrichthyes- streamlined hunters, cartilage skeleton, no swim bladders, and internal fertilization. |
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Term
| What are some differences between bony fish (class osteichthyes) and sharks (class chondrichthyes)? |
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Definition
| bony fish have swim bladders, lateral line (sensory system) and gill covers (allows pumping of water over gills). |
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Term
| What are some of the important features to land adaptation for Class Amphibia. |
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Definition
Legs
cutaneous respiration (directly across skin)
lungs- poorly developed, needs air to be forced down to it.
Pulmonary veins- returns blood to heart for repumping at higher pressure.
Partially divided heart- divides into two systems, systemic and pulmonary. |
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Term
| Why did reptiles (class reptilia) develop the Amniotic egg and dry skin? |
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Definition
The amniotic egg and dry skin prevent water loss and allowed living on land.
note:scales with keratin formed skin. |
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Term
| what are the 4 membranes of the amniotic egg (reptiles) |
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Definition
Chorion-allows gas to flow by
Amnion- encases embryo in fluid
Yolk sac- provides food
Allantois- waste from the embryo |
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Term
| reptiles are: endothermic or ectothermic? |
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Definition
All reptiles ectothermic.
ectothermic- absorb heat from surroundings
endothermic- animals that create their own heat |
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Term
| Name the 4 surviving order of reptiles. |
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Definition
Order Chelonia- turtles and tortoises
Order thynchoecephalia- tuataras, nearly extinct order, endagered species.
Order Squamata- lizards and snakes
Order Crocodilia- crocodiles and alligators |
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Term
| What are the adaptions birds (class aves) have evolved for flight? |
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Definition
feathers- provide lift and conserve heat
thin and hollow bones- provide rigid structure
large breast muscles |
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Term
| What are the 5 key characteristics of mammals. |
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Definition
hair
mammary glands
being endothermic
placenta-connects fetus to mother
teeth |
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Term
| what are the 3 major divisions of mammals? |
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Definition
Monotremes- egg laying mammals. ex: platypus
marsupials- pouched mammals. ex: kangroos
placental animals- all the rest |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of tissues in adult vertebrates? |
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Definition
Epithelial tissue-forms membranes and glands, covers everything
Muscle Tissues- moves body
Connective Tissue- derived from embryonic mesoderm
Nerve Tissue- Cells inside neurons & neuroglia. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle cells and where are they located? |
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Definition
Cardiac- involunatary, heart
Smooth- involuntary, digestive tract
Skeletal- voluntary, |
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Term
| Name the 11 major organ systems in vertbrates. |
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Definition
| skeletal, circulatory, endocrine, digestive, urinary, muscular, nervous, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, reproductive, and integumentary system |
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Term
| Name some examples of exocrine and endocrine glands. |
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Definition
exocrine- ducts that lead to the surface of the epithelium.
ex: sweat, oil, saliva glands, and liver
endocrine- ductless.
pancreas-insulin |
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Term
| Describe the 3 parts that make up a nerve cell. |
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Definition
Dendrites- branched extensions that receive stimulantions and conduct electrical events.
Cell Body- contains the nucleus
Axon- extension of cytoplasm that conducts signals away from cell body. |
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Term
| What is CNS and PNS and what are they composed of? |
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Definition
CNS-Central Nervous system=brain and spinal cord
PNS- Peripheral Nervous system- nerves and ganglia(collection of neuron bodies) |
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Term
| Describe how a hydrostatic skeleton works. |
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Definition
-a fluid filled cavity encircled by
muscle fibers. As the muscles contract,
the fluid in the cavity moves and
changes the shape of the cavity
earthworms and jellyfish use this. |
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Term
| Give an example of a Immovable join, slightly movable joint, and a freely movable (synovial) joint. |
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Definition
Immovable- the sutures in the head
Slightly Movable- spine/vertebrate
Freely Movable- hips, arms, many joints. |
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Term
| When a muscle contracts, the H bands get _______, and the I band gets_______, and the A band _______. |
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Definition
H band narrower until it disappears
I band narrower
A band stays the same |
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