Term
|
Definition
| enzymes, transport, storage, membranes, cellular movement, messengers |
|
|
Term
| primary protein structure |
|
Definition
| linear order of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| secondary protein structure |
|
Definition
| alpha helix or beta sheet resulting from close amino acid interaction |
|
|
Term
| tertiary protein structure |
|
Definition
| bonding and interaction of amino acid side chains |
|
|
Term
| quaternary protein structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non=polar, storage, energy, membrane, protection, vitamins, hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creates kinks and space within a membrane, helps resist solidifying in cool temp, adds membrane fluidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
esters made of glycerol and fatty acid chains
triglycerides are very hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phosphate makes one end polar
creates over amphiphilic molecule
emulsify fats-detergents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid complex that surround and transport fat from intestine elsewhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monosaccharides are bound together by glycosidic bonds
alpha-causes kinks in starch/glycogen
beta-straight chains in cellulose |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| exoskeletons-beta linkages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| info, storage, build proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bind specific substrates
lower activation energy
increase rxn rate
are unchanged by rxn
don't affect overall delta G
don't change rxn equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where substrate binds on enzyme
1-lock and key=spatial structures match
2-induced fit=active site is flexible
active site has catalytic site where rxn occurs, and binding site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end product works to block original enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where substrate binds on enzyme
1-lock and key=spatial structures match
2-induced fit=active site is flexible
active site has catalytic site where rxn occurs, and binding site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreases enzyme productivity because molecules compete with substrate for active site
-can overcome by adding more substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
competative inhibitors that covalently bind to active site
-renders enzyme totally inactive |
|
|
Term
| pseudoirreversible inhibitors |
|
Definition
inhibitors with high affinity for active sites
-hard to displace |
|
|
Term
| noncompetitive inhibitors |
|
Definition
don't compete for active site
-act elsewhere on enzyme by changing enzyme shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind elsewhere to enzyme and affect efficiency |
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|
Term
|
Definition
requires energy
make bigger |
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|
Term
|
Definition
change in frequency of different alleles in a population over time
differential gene success |
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|
Term
|
Definition
no emigration or immigration
large population size
no net mutations
no natural selection
random mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coniferous forests, pine, spruce, fur
little or no undergrowth
acidic, nutrient poor soil
long cold winters
short rainy summer
ability to hibernate a must
seed-eating adaptations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
driest biome
conserve water
produce seed/fruit quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distinct region characterized by temp, humidity, seasonal patterns, location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long, harsh winters
reduced biodiversity
permafrost keeps plants short |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coastal
long, hot summers
short, rainy winters
fire-resistant plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shorter vegetation that savanna
fertile, nitrogen rich soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stable temp and day length year round
low nutrient soil
high nutrient turnover |
|
|
Term
| temperate deciduous forest |
|
Definition
all four seasons
undergrowth is common |
|
|
Term
| primary ecological succession |
|
Definition
| gradual change of new and lideless areas into thriving ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| secondary ecological succession |
|
Definition
rebuilding of an ecosystem after a major disturbance
end result is generally different from original community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species physically fight for resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| competitive exclusion principle |
|
Definition
cannot coexist if competing for same resource
one species will eventually go extinct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism's role in its ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all potential resources a species can use in its environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resources species actually uses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of different kinds of organisms a community contains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many members of a particular species appear in a given area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species richness+relative abundance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| community's ability to survive through environmental change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| community's ability to regain its original biodiversity following a change |
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|
Term
|
Definition
lots of biomass and energy
harness light/chemicals to make sugars and other biomolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary-eat grass
secondary-eat primary consumers
take producer's energy and use it to grow and reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
break down dead producers and consumers
saprophytes, detritovores and scanvengers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
different food chain levels
contain different energy levels
more complex food chains are more stable |
|
|
Term
| gross primary productivity |
|
Definition
| total chemical energy generated by producers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subtracts out energy used for respiration, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of organisms from a particular species that inhabit the same area |
|
|
Term
| exponential population growth |
|
Definition
brief period of unlimited, rapid growth
many resources allow lots of breeding
often occurs in primary or secondary succession animals
R=b-d |
|
|
Term
| logistic population growth |
|
Definition
levels out at carrying capacity, K
approach K and growth rate slows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food, water, sunlight, predators |
|
|
Term
| density-dependent limiting factors |
|
Definition
affect population more as population gets bigger
food and space |
|
|
Term
| density-independent limiting factors |
|
Definition
limit population growth regardless of size and adaptability
natural disasters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
few, large offspring
parental care
long gestation and maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lots of babies
fast growth
short gestation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of predation where one lives on or within the host in order to get energy or nutrients for itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one benefits while other is neither benefited or harmed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species interact to increase mutual benefits |
|
|
Term
| what adds genes to the gene pool |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what removes genes from the gene pool |
|
Definition
| genetic drift, natural selection, sexual selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when two or more morphs of a trait exist side by side in a population for a long time
maintained because both traits get matings |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms to maintain polymorphism |
|
Definition
heterozygous advantage
frequency-dependent selection
-when particular morph loses its advantage as it becomes more frequent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
certain alleles at different loci may be linked so traits coded for by these genes appear more frequently together than would be expected
closer=stronger linkage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| graded series of phenotypic changes over climate change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locally adapted variants of an organism different genetically from other local forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formation of a new species
emigration of alleles out of original pop
isolation leads to speciation if potential to interbreed is lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when physical barrier separates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group becomes reproductively isolated within parent pop
-autoploidy or allopolyploidy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results from sampling errors
change that occur in a population's gene pool generation to generation due to random chance
not due to selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small colonizes new area
population diverges quickly from founder group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
narrowing of genetic diversity when part of a population is wiped out
remaining gene pool has random alleles to work with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement of genes from one population to another
immigration or emigration |
|
|
Term
| prezygotic reproductive isolation |
|
Definition
no gamete union-temporal isolation
physical inability to mate-mechanical iso
different courting behavior-behavioral iso |
|
|
Term
| postzygotic reproductive isolation |
|
Definition
prohibits survival after fertilization
abortion-hybrid inviability
hybrids born sterile-hybrid sterility
fertile hybrids, but their offspring are sterile-hybrid breakdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inclusive fitness from cooperative behavior
helping relative helps your own alleles in long run |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may not act on individual chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selective breeding via humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emergence of many species from a common ancestor when environment changes rapidly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relies on relative attractiveness of one potential mate over another
fewer heterozygotes in population due to nonrandom matings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attractive trait frequency increase until equilibrium is met between survival and mating benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
costs of not being monogamous are too great
male fitness increase if he can block another insemination
can more easily defend territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when males have access to more resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of classifying organisms based on their phylogeny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grouping of species determined to be related because they share some feature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
species arise overtime from one common ancestor
share homologous traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar structure, different function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no common ancestor
analogous traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unrelated organisms converge on a similar trait.
similar function, different structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two copies of each chromosomes
two copies of each gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different forms of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two alleles for a given trait separate from one another during meiosis and end up on a different egg/sperm |
|
|
Term
| law of independent assortment |
|
Definition
genes for a trait separate independent of genes for another trait
exception if gene linkage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
males and females equally likely to have trait
trait don't skip generations
trait present is corresponding gene is present
male-male, female-female transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
males and females equally likely to have trait
traits skip generations
only homozygous individuals have trait
traits appear in sibs without appearing in parents
if parents have trait and offspring does not, they are heterozygous carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all daughters of a male with trait will also have trait
no male to male transmission
a female who has trait may or may not pass on affected X to offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trait more common in males
all daughters of male with trait are heterozygous carriers
no male-male transmission
mother of males with trait are either heterozygous carriers of homozygous expressors |
|
|
Term
| pedigree take home message |
|
Definition
males cannot be carrier of x-linked traits
cannot be carrier of a dominant trait
dominance has nothing to do with frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single dominant allele cannot produce full phenotype alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extent to which a gene expresses itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein such that both traits are phenotypically expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coded for by many genes
degree to which one expresses the trait depends on dom/rec ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when second gene determines if first gene will be expressed or not |
|
|
Term
| mitochondrial inheritance |
|
Definition
all genes present in one's organelle's have maternal origin
defects in mitochondrial DNA are always passed to offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genomic imprinting
certain alleles seem to be coded differently depending on which parent they come from
seemingly identical genotypes yield different phenotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excess of repeats on certain chromosomes
neurodegenerative disease
can build up over time and lead to genetic anticipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave them
cut at palindromic DNA sections
cut asymmetrically leaving sticky ends for recombinant DNA manufacturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cleave plasmid using endonuclease
put pieces together, some will recombine
allow plasmids to integrate with bacteria
recombinant plasmids contain own and foreign DNA |
|
|
Term
| what plasmids allow you to do |
|
Definition
figure out function of a new gene
produce clinically useful substances
give bacteria a new function |
|
|
Term
| how to tell which bacteria picked up plasmid |
|
Definition
put antibiotic resistance genes on plasmid and then plate bacteria on antibiotic surface
only those that got plasmid will survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
break down DNA into small fragments using restriction enzymes
use gel to separate by size
small fragments go far |
|
|
Term
| Sanger method of DNA sequencing |
|
Definition
heat DNA to make it 1-stranded
copy unknown DNA piece using PCR
put into tube with labeled primers, DNA polymerase and CGTA nucleotides
primers allow free nucleotides to meet up with DNA strand
tubes have dideoxynucleotides which don't allow further binding after they've bound
run on gel to deduce original sequence
short distance=3' end of new strand, 5' end of complimentary strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
using nucleic acid hybridization to probe DNA for specific sequences
make radioactive probe of DNA that is complimentary to what you're searching for
cut up choice DNA with restriction enzymes and run on a gel
bath in alkaline soln to denature DNA
wash DNA with probe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
length of fragment made by restriction enzyme will differ between people
compare DNA cross species of make DNA fingerprint
can be used to diagnose presence of disease gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
way to amplify DNA
put DNA with DNA polymerase, DNA primers and free nucleotides in a tube
heat DNA to separate strands and then cool to allow primers to bind
repeat as needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inject DNA directly into fertilized eggs
use animals to make human proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use electric pulse to fuse mammary gland cell of donor to unfertilized egg cell that has had nucleus removed
put isolated diploid somatic cell in egg cell, fuse and bring to term |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large collection of bacterial colonies or viruses each containing a particular foreign gene or DNA fragment
made by creating cDNA and cloning bacterial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
figure out how much mRNA is being transcribed from a gene
tells you how much a gene is expressed
mRNA is fed through agarose gel and radioactive cDNA probe can hybridize to it and light it up
compare differential gene expression in different tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fuse it to regulatory region in inserted gene
produces lots of easily measured protein
controlled by same promoter region as gene of interest
can add mutations to see what it does to gene expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intracellular
pseudopods surround and engulf food
lysosomes have digestive enzymes
resultant simply molecules diffuse into cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cilia move food to oral groove
food vacuole forms around food
unusable goes to anal pore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tentacles bring food to mouth
food moves to gastrovascular cavity where it is digested
undigested food goes out mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complete, one way, 2 opening tract
specialized regions of digestive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in stomach
cause chief and parietal cells to secrete gastric juices
highly acidic and denatures 2' protein structures
causes connective tissue breakdown
proteases only work at low pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rich in bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
full of enzymes to break down peptides and lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make HCl, pepsinogen and mucous
HCL activates pepsinogen to form pepsin |
|
|
Term
| negative feedback loop for fat breakdown |
|
Definition
cholecystikinin released in small intest
stimlate release of amylase, lipase, bile and pyloric phinctor contraction
released due to fat digestion products
gives fat more time to be digested by lipases when phincter is closed |
|
|
Term
| negative feedback loop for pH control of chyme |
|
Definition
secretin stimulates bicarbonate ion release if too much chyme enters duodenem
shuts down pyloric sphincter
faster movement into duodenum causes faster pH drop in small intestine |
|
|
Term
| negative feedback loop for protein breakdown |
|
Definition
gastrin stimulates release of HCl and pepsinogen to break down proteins and aa's in stomach
too many peptides and aa's downstream in duodenum means stomach is emptying too fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amino acid and protein absorption |
|
Definition
HCl and pepsin in stomach already denatured them
trypsin and chymotrypsin secrease by pancreas work in small intestine
neutral aa's just diffuse through
charged aa's move by active transport |
|
|
Term
| fatty acid and lipid absorption |
|
Definition
bile salts in stomach already denatured them
breaks down fats so they're small enough to go directly into blood
too big=chylomicrons which are absorbed by lacteals and enter blood to go to liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when oxygen binds to subunit 1, conformational change occurs so binding in next 3 subunits is easier
holds oxygen well until ppO2 is reached 40mmHg at which point it dumps O2 |
|
|
Term
| insect cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
open
blood and interstitial fluid=hemolymph
ventilation and cardiovascular systems separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
closed
blood doesn't mix with interstitial fluid
hearts form closed loops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 chambered heart
ventricles sends blood to gills
no oxy blood goes to heart
one circuit of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 circuits
right side pumps deoxy blood to lungs
left side pumps oxy blood out aorta>body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
force per area blood exerts of blood vessel walls
systolic over diastolic
drop as you move away from heart
in veins, almost no pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lungs, liver, skin, kidneys are excretion organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
filters blood in glomeruli
reabsorbs or rejects filtrate at nephrons
empties into renal pelvis which leads to bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water, salts, sugar, urea all pass through
proximal and distal convoluted tubules of loop are where much is reabsorbed into bloo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lined with Na and H ion exchange pumps
kicks out H and absorbs Na from filtrate
reabsorbs glucise by active transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorbs H2O or salt
descending absorbs water only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in collecting duct, respond to hormone aldosterone which stimulate reabsorption of Na from collecting duct
released when blood pressure falls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause water reabsorption and decrease in urine production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have outer lipid bilayer
no cytoskeleton or membrane bound organelles
no nucleus, just nucleoid region with one circular DNA molecule
peptidoglycan cell wall
outer membrane=gram negative
asexual binary fission reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rhizopod-pseudopods
ciliophora-ciliates
zoomastigophora-flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myxomycota-huge single cell with many nucl
acrasionmycota-independent 1-cell
haploid-diploid generation alternation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chlorophyta and algae-->modern plants
dinoflagellates and diatoms
shells of silica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
repro via 2 dif repro strucutures
male and female structure on dif hyphae
cytoplasm of gametangia fuse via plasnogamy and haploid nuclei within each hyphae pair and fuse via karyogamy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female gametangia receieve haploid nuclei from male
female gametangia then begins to grow into hyphae
fused diploid nuclei divide by mitosis and fill asci with diploid ascospores
also can repro via asexual spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mushrooms
haploid hyphae meet following spore release
newly formed dikaryotic hyphae then form into new hyphae
also via budding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungus plus algae living in unpolluted environments
algae gives sugar
fungus absorbs water and houses algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lack true tissues or organs
2 cell layers
skeleton of cilica or calcium
radial symmetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
determinate cleavage
remove early cells, a new organism cannot form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
segmentation with bending joints
hard chitin exoskeleton
molting
open circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dorsal hollow nerve cord
notochord from mesodermal cells
muscular tail
gill slits |
|
|
Term
| membrane potential caused by... |
|
Definition
DNA is neg due to phosphate
cellular proteins are neg charged
Na/K pumop loses one pos/turn
poassium leaks out passively |
|
|
Term
| when neuron gets stimulus... |
|
Definition
voltage gated channels open
Na channels open and Na rushes in-depolarizes cell
potassium channels open and K rushes out
-hyperpolarization/repolarization
refractory period before next channel opening can occur |
|
|
Term
| action potential cascade event at synapse |
|
Definition
reaches synaptic knob
voltage gated Ca channels at terminal end open up
influx of Ca causes neurotransmitters to fush with presynaptic membrane
excitatory neurotransmitters will bind to receptors on postsynaptic dendrite and cause Na channgel to open to start a new action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process and integrate into
memory and creative thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spine and cortex relay
visceral function
endocrine control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motor control
visual and auditory relay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layer in under sclera
supplied retina with blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost layer with photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bens and focuses light to pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diameter is controlled by iris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled by cilliary muscles which focuses image to retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low intensity light, night vision, rhodopsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
igh blood glucose-insulin inhibited to rise blood glucose levels
glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not learned
occur in response to a specific stimulus
evolutionarily costs less than learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patterns presented during development get locked in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suppression of normal response to a given stimulus
can recover is stimulus is let up
reduce neurotransmitter release or receptors on postsynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
repeated stimulation of sensory neuron leads to more sensitive response
local response
not long lasting
doesn't alter neuronal connections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
links two events that appear to be related and produce same reponse
ie-salvating dog experiments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
filaments embedded in fibers
divided into contractile units called sacromeres
enveloped by sacroplasmic reticulum that holds Ca ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane surrounding muscle fiber
propagate actions potentials along fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with troponin and tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| define each sacromere boundary and anchor actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs down sacromere middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spans length of thick and overlapping thin
doesn't change size during contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sacroplasmic reticulum releases Ca to sacroplasm
Ca binds to troponin and causes tropomyosin to change shape
causes myosin binding sites on actin to be exposed on tropomyosin
created actin-myosin cross bridges
myosin pulls actin toward H zone center shortening sacromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1-2 central nuclei per cell
gap junctions so action potential spreads throughout heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer portions of long bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long bone shaft, end is called epiphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous sheath that protects bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deposits bony matrix
tiny channel surrounded by lamellae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break down bone, add Ca to blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
circle of 9 doublet microtubules
dynein arms join neighboring doublets
nexin links hold doublet together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in presence of ATP, move one tubulin monomer to another which enables microtubules to slide past each other in regulated manner so cilium bends
denein release causes cilium to snap to upright position |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for fast changing surface extensions such as pseudopodia
polymerizes at leading edge and elongates |
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Term
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Definition
| internally formed asexual repro buds |
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Term
| when is asexual reproduction preferred? |
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Definition
stable environments
no recombination needed
rapid increase in successful genotypes |
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Term
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Definition
homologous chromosomes intertwine to form tetrad
chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over
rejoin at chiasmata |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous pairs (tetrads) line up at metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
homologous pairs separate and are pulled to sides
distribution of homologous chromosomes is random |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes still exist as connected sister chromatids
each daughter cell is haploid |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes lines up
centromeres divide to separate 2 sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromatids separate |
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Term
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Definition
| where sperm is produced, then move to Sertoli cells to be nourished |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made in seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in seminferous tubules
diploid spermatongonia forms a primary diploid spermatocyte during meiosis 1
meiosis 2- forms 4 haploid spermatids
mature into spermatozoa |
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Term
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Definition
in ovarian follicles
diploid primary oocytes in ovaries
after first period, one primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1 per month to produce unequal sized cells
secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis 2 if layers penetrated by sperm
forms mature ovum and polar body |
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Term
| oocyte cell membrane layers |
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Definition
inner-zona pellucida
outer-corona radiata |
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Term
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Definition
identical
1 zygote splits into 2 embryos
if split occurs after blastula stage, embryos share placenta, etc |
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Term
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Definition
ovulation period
no pregnancy leads up thickened uterine lining being reabsorbed
no bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
fertilization can occur
early=FSH and LH increase
follicle matures and egg ripens, estrogen increases and uterine lining forms
estrogen peaks and then stops-ovulation
if no fert-corpus luteum disintegrates and sloughs |
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Term
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Definition
leftover follicle after egg is released
secretes estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| surround blastocoel to form chorion and placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| how fetal blood avoids liver |
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Term
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Definition
| how fetal blood avoids pulmonary circulation and moves straight to lft atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| fetal artery going away from lungs directly to aorta |
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Term
| arteries with deoxy blood |
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Definition
| fetal umbilical artery and adult pulmonary artery |
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Term
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Definition
| fetal umbilical vein and adult pulmonary vein |
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